tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-89208504278436882642024-03-13T03:36:50.475-07:00ObscenityLawyerObscenityLawyerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15652268259166107121noreply@blogger.comBlogger15125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8920850427843688264.post-35276853037787701592014-11-30T23:12:00.000-08:002015-04-30T12:46:36.285-07:00THE FOLLOWING CONTENT IS NOT ACCEPTABLE<script type="text/javascript">
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<b style="line-height: 150%;">The following content is not acceptable from the 1<sup>st</sup>
December 2014</b></div>
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<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Today marks the beginning of a new phase in a
sustained campaign of internet censorship which has wide-reaching consequences
beyond the mere production and consumption of pornography. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">These new regulations
impose even more draconian restrictions on the types of pornography that can be
depicted on regulated Video on Demand services. Previously the Crown
Prosecution Service’s Guidance on the OPA provided a list of sexual activities
which were deemed illegal to publish.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">However these new
Regulations specifically state that only sexual content that is equivalent to
the BBFC R18 Category can be sold via VoD service. This is a significantly
lower threshold.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">According
to Nikki Whiplash, a regulated video on demand service provider who attended a
recent ATVOD and BBFC led seminar on the impact of the new regulations, the
following sexual activities will be deemed either acceptable or unacceptable at
R18 classification level:<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">Watersports and Squirting<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">Peeing and
squirting are acceptable if not performed onto another person and/or then
consumed.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">Squirting during
sex or masturbation is acceptable if fairly brie,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>isolated and not deliberately consumed or put
onto a body. It would be acceptable to imply that it was licked up if could be
deemed as to be simulated.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">Fisting<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">Fisting is not
acceptable. Penetration with all five digits beyond last knuckle is not
acceptable; but all five digits of two or more hands would be acceptable as
long as not past last knuckle. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">Ofcom have sought
medical guidance on fisting and don't believe it to be a dangerous act to
perform. However, as the CPS’ Guidelines specifically cite fisting as obscene
the BBFC can't pass fisting for classification. The BBFC acknowledge that they
are well aware of the decision in R v Peacock but are obliged to have regard to
CPS’ OPA Guidelines.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">Amputee Insertion<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">Since the BBFC
haven't ever needed to consider amputee insertion, they reserve their position
on the matter.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">Enemas<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">Enemas are
acceptable if once they are squirted out they don't hit anyone else and does
not contain feces. It is not acceptable to subsequently lick up what has been
expelled; unless this is simulated (for example switched for another
substance).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">Catheters <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">Catheterisation
is acceptable, even if catheter connected to mouth; presuming that the tube is
not transparent so that the liquid moving through cannot be seen.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">Eating ejaculate<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">Any form of
consumption of (male) ejaculate is acceptable.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">Vomiting<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">Vomiting may be
acceptable if it is not performed as part of a sexual act; and is not visibly
enjoyed by the participants.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">‘Public’ Sex <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">Should the
content features any nudity or other activity which might outrage the public
decency, then the BBFC must be assured that the material in question was shot
on private land with no public access or shot abroad. However, simulating the
impression that it is in public is acceptable, fir example a vehicle with
tinted windows. The key consideration that the material has not been created in
the public eye.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">‘Age Play’<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">Anything which
might ‘encourage’ incest or sex with children under the age of eighteen is
absolutely unacceptable.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">However school
uniforms are acceptable presuming that there are no references to the performer
pretending to be under eighteen; and participants clearly 'of legal age' and
participating in a consensual adult role play<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">Weapons<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">Sexual activities
performed at gunpoint are unacceptable if it is “believable”. This will depend
on tone and believability. Basically if it looks like it could be a
non-consensual activity then it is not acceptable.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">Bondage and Restraint<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">Full bondage in
conjunction with a gag is unacceptable, since there needs to be an obvious (to
the viewer) means to signal to stop. Hence it is acceptable if not all four
limbs are tied. Thus a means to indicate the withdrawal of consent must be
visible to the viewer. For example full bondage and gagging would be acceptable
if there is a safe signal which is defined as part of the scene. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">Thus elements
like artistic license, storyline and context become important. Hence a
straightforward bondage scenario with no surrounding context is less likely to
be acceptable than something with features a clearly signaled role play
component.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">BDSM Pain play<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">Acts which if
copied by the uninitiated have the potential to cause injuries more than
transient and trifling are extremely unlikely to be acceptable. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">Only
"moderate" pain play is acceptable. Thus reddening of the skin
acceptable but no raised welts, blood and bruising are not.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">Needle-Play<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">Needles are more
likely to be considered acceptable as they only cause transient and trifling
injury similar to legal tattooing.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">Facesitting as Breathing Restriction<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">Facesitting
employed as a breathing restriction or any other form of smothering is
unacceptable. However, facesitting without breathing restriction is
acceptable.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>There is no flexibility on
this. The airways must remain open. Apparently the rationale for this
distinction is that men trying this at home might die.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">Ballbusting<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">Ballbusting may
be acceptable, depending on the level. OFCOM recommend submitting clips in
question for review. It will come down to definition of moderate pain and
whether viewers at home are likely to sustain serious injury if they try it at
home. Hence ball-yanking is not acceptable; whereas controlled ball stretching
is acceptable.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">Trampling<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">This will depend
on the surface upon which the person is being trampled on.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">Urethral Sounds <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">The insertion of
urethral sounds is acceptable presuming that they are not inserted so far in as
to enter the bladder; and that appropriate sterile and safety considerations
are taken such as the use of lubricant and gloves.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">Insertion of objects like buttplugs <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">The insertion of
other objects is acceptable presuming that it is clear that they couldn't get.
Hence the use of buttplugs is acceptable. Hence a clip of a mobile phone
vanishing up an anus would not be acceptable, despite being a spoof, on the
basis that people might try it at home.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">Power Tools<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">The use of power
tools is unacceptable, since most people have one lying around at home. However
purpose designed “fucking-machines” are acceptable. The test in question is the
'association with violence'.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">Head-Scissoring <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">Head-scissoring
is acceptable, presuming that it is gentle. However, if it is seen to be
pushing on the carotid restricting blood flow then it is not acceptable. Hence,
choking sounds or reddening of face as a result are not acceptable. As soon as
any pressure is exerted it would be considered a choke hold and therefore not
acceptable.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">Wrestling<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">Wrestling is
acceptable only if knockout moves are not deployed. Facesitting and seemingly
non gentle scissoring are not acceptable.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">Gagging<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">Gagging on cock
and deep throat are acceptable if not for the whole scene. However, language of
the 'gag on my cock' variety is unacceptable due to the<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>reference to choking.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">Definitions<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">These guidelines
should be interpreted subject to these definitions:<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">"Fairly
brief" = less than a minute <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">"Isolated"
= not more than a couple of occurrences in a scene.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">COMMENTARY – THE CONSEQUENCES OF THIS CENSORSHIP<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pornography
is the canary in the coalmine of free speech: it is the first freedom to die.
If this assault on liberty is allowed to go unchallenged, other freedoms will fall
as a consequence. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">This
declaration of State censorship will </span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">affect millions of consenting adults who choose to view British
pornography; impose an unnecessary trade barrier, which has already caused
independent UK producers to shut down; result in a significant loss of revenue
to The Treasury; is practically unworkable as it can be circumvented by proxy
servers; and has implications for all forms of freedom of expression on the
internet.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">Of particular
concern in terms of loss of freedom is the underlying intent to allow
undesirable foreign websites to be blocked under UK ISP’s filtering systems.
This has immeasurable implications on freedom of information and net
neutrality. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Today,
Backlash have launched a campaign to challenge this régime of State censorship
disguised as regulation.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">In the
meantime, what follows is an explanation of the regulations and assessment of
their impact.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">What are the Regulations that came into force today?<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The
regulations which come into force today, the <a href="http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2014/2916/pdfs/uksi_20142916_en.pdf"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: windowtext; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">Audiovisual Media Services Regulations 2014</span></a> (AVMS Regs
2014), only apply to Video on Demand (Vod) services which are regulated by the
Authority for Television on Demand (ATVOD), and restricts the types of sexual
content that UK VoD providers can provide for their consumers to BBFC R18
classification level.<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">So what is a Video on Demand Service?<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Video on Demand</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span lang="EN-US"> services </span></span><span lang="EN-US">offer consumers the opportunity to choose specific video content and
then view it at a time which is convenient to them, rather than being slaved to
pre-ordained broadcast schedules. Hence this would include catch-up services
like Channel 4’s online ‘4oD’ service. </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Who are ATVOD?<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The
Authority for Television on Demand </span><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">is a
quango, specifically designated as the "co-regulator" of UK VoD by<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ofcom" title="Ofcom"><span style="background: white; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ofcom</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. Otherwise know as <span style="color: #252525;">The<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Office of Communications</span>, <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Ofcom</span> is also a quango, with
regulatory authority over the UK’s broadcasting, telecoms and<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mail" title="Mail"><span style="background: white; color: #0b0080; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">postal</span></a></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: #252525; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: #252525; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">industries.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: #252525; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The Regulations: ‘TV-like’ Services<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ATVOD’s regulatory authority is conveyed by the
European AVMS Regulations, which pertain to ‘TV-like’ services. Hence, to be
regulated, the video content must resemble broadcast television by dint of
being similar to it, hence the phrase: ‘TV-like’. </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: #252525; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: #252525; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Thus in
most </span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">European jurisdictions the vast majority of adult video websites are not
deemed to be TV-like.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: white; color: #252525; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></b><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Whereas ATVOD have applied their
interpretation of what constitutes a TV-like service in the UK far more
restrictively.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: white; color: #252525; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></b><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">This has allowed ATVOD to bring
within its regulatory ambit any website it deems to be TV-like.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">It is eminently arguable that this restrictive
interpretation has created a trade barrier for UK VoD services when attempting
to compete with their European trade-partners.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: #252525; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Challenges to ATVOD’s Interpretation of TV-Like<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: #252525; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">This
restrictive interpretation of the definition of ‘TV-like’ VoD Services has been
deployed in an attempt to catch </span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a broad range of video services, both adult and
otherwise. For example the <span style="mso-field-code: " HYPERLINK \0022http\:\/\/www\.atvod\.co\.uk\/complaints\/determinations\/2011-determinations\/top-gear-youtube\0022 \\t \0022_blank\0022 ";"><u><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">BBC</span></u></span> and The <span style="mso-field-code: " HYPERLINK \0022http\:\/\/www\.atvod\.co\.uk\/complaints\/determinations\/2011-determinations\/sun-video\0022 \\t \0022_blank\0022 ";"><u><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">Sun newspaper</span></u></span> were initially identified under
ATVOD’s aggressive regulatory regime as being TV-like; although they
successfully appealed to Ofcom that their services in question were not TV-like</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: #252525; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">On the
adult side, a client of mine successfully appealed ATVOD’s determination that
her esoteric Female Domination art site The <u><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">Urban Chick Supremacy Cell</span></u>
was not TV-like. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">How do
the Regulations Impinge on Pornographic Content?<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">These
new regulations impose even more severe restrictions on the types of
pornographic material that can be depicted on regulated VoD services. <b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Prior to
today the Crown Prosecution Service’s Guidance on the Obscene Publications Act
provided a list of sexual activities which were deemed illegal to publish.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Yet the
new Regulations specifically state that only sexual content that is equivalent
to that categorised as R18 by the BBFC can be sold via VoD services. This is a
significantly lower threshold.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Before
we go on to explore the disparity between the OPA and the BBFC R18 guidelines,
it is essential to understand why this has been imposed.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">Why
Impose R18 Classification on VoD?</span></b><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The
original EU AVMS directive stated that content that “might seriously impair
minors” should be restricted in order to protect those under 18. However, when <span style="mso-field-code: " HYPERLINK \0022http\:\/\/stakeholders\.ofcom\.org\.uk\/binaries\/internet\/explicit-material-vod\.pdf\0022 \\t \0022_blank\0022 ";"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">Ofcom <u>considered the research</u></span></span> of
20 European States, they held that: <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; vertical-align: baseline;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">“No country found evidence that sexually explicit
material harms minors”</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Therefore,
enshrining the already established R18 standard in law provides a convenient
means to avoid the inconvenient evidence and the difficulty of establishing
whether and what types of sexual content “might seriously impair minors”.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Nonetheless,
despite the absence of conclusive evidence, the regulations have been
introduced under the aegis of “child protection”, whilst having an adverse
impact on consenting adults’ sexual choices.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">With
that in mind, we can explore the different standards between the CPS’ OPA
Guidelines and the BBFC’s R18 Classification Guidelines. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">CPS’ Guidelines on The Obscene Publications Act<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">According
to the Crown Prosecution Service’s Guidelines on The Obscene Publications Act:<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; vertical-align: baseline;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; mso-bidi-font-family: "Lucida Grande";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>“It is
impossible to define all types of activity which may be suitable for <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>prosecution. The following is not an
exhaustive list but indicates the <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>categories
of material most commonly prosecuted:<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; vertical-align: baseline;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; mso-bidi-font-family: "Lucida Grande"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>sexual act with an animal</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; vertical-align: baseline;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; mso-bidi-font-family: "Lucida Grande"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>realistic portrayals of rape</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; vertical-align: baseline;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; mso-bidi-font-family: "Lucida Grande"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>sadomasochistic material which goes beyond trifling and
transient <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>infliction of injury</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; vertical-align: baseline;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; mso-bidi-font-family: "Lucida Grande"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>torture with instruments</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; vertical-align: baseline;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; mso-bidi-font-family: "Lucida Grande"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>bondage (especially where gags are used with no apparent
means of <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>withdrawing consent)</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; vertical-align: baseline;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; mso-bidi-font-family: "Lucida Grande"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>dismemberment or graphic mutilation</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; vertical-align: baseline;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; mso-bidi-font-family: "Lucida Grande"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>activities involving perversion or degradation (such as
drinking urine, <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>urination or
vomiting on to the body, or excretion or use of excreta)</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; vertical-align: baseline;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; mso-bidi-font-family: "Lucida Grande"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>fisting”.</span></i><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">This
should be read and contrasted with the BBFC’s R18 guidelines. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The BBFC’s R18 Guidelines<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">According
to the BBFC’s own Guidelines on their R18 Category:<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">“The
following content is not acceptable:<o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; vertical-align: baseline;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>material which is in
breach of the criminal law, including material judged <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>to be obscene under the current interpretation of the Obscene
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Publications Act 1959<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; vertical-align: baseline;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>material (including
dialogue) likely to encourage an interest in sexually <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>abusive activity which may include adults role-playing as
non-adults<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; vertical-align: baseline;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>the portrayal of sexual
activity which involves real or apparent lack of <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>consent. Any form of physical restraint which prevents
participants from <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>indicating a
withdrawal of consent<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; vertical-align: baseline;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>the infliction of pain
or acts which may cause lasting physical harm, <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>whether
real or (in a sexual context) simulated. Some allowance may be <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>made for moderate, non-abusive,
consensual activity penetration by any <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>object
associated with violence or likely to cause physical harm<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; vertical-align: baseline;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>sexual threats,
humiliation or abuse which do not form part of a clearly <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>consenting role-playing game.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; vertical-align: baseline;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Strong physical or
verbal abuse, even if consensual, is unlikely to be <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>acceptable<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; vertical-align: baseline;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>These Guidelines will
be applied to the same standard regardless of <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>sexual
orientation of the activity portrayed.”</span></i><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">THE CPS’ OPA GUIDELINES AND THE BBFC R18 GUIDELINES – CONTRASTED</span></b><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">It is now
possible to discuss the legal and logical inconsistences of the CPS’ Guidelines
on the OPA, before contrasting them with the much lower level of sexual
material permitted by the BBFC’s R18 Guidelines: <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><span style="color: #333333; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1) <i>Sexual act with an animal.</i></span></b><span style="color: #333333; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #333333; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Since animals cannot consent at law, this
prohibition is consistent and logical.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><span style="color: #333333; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2) <i>Realistic portrayals of rape.</i></span></b><span style="color: #333333; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #333333; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">This phrase is extremely problematic. “Realistic
portrayals of rape” suggests simulation, role-play and acting. In itself, this
raises questions regarding evidence of harm to performers and viewers of such
material. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #333333; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Regarding evidence of harm, </span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/bsp/hi/pdfs/30_08_05_porn_doc.pdf">the
2005 Home Office Consultation</a> <span style="background: white;">on the po<span style="color: #333333;">ssession of extreme pornographic material stated:</span></span></span><span style="color: #333333; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: #333333; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">“As to evidence of harm, conducting
research in this area is complex. We do not yet have sufficient evidence from
which to draw any definite conclusions as to the likely long term impact of
this kind of material on individuals generally”.</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Likewise, the
Ministry of Justice’s <span style="background: white;">criminal policy unit also
stated in clear, unequivocal and unambiguous terms:</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: #333333; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">"We have no evidence to show that
the creation of staged rape images involves any harm to the participants or
causes harm to society at large”.</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #333333; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hence, how can a simulated “portrayal”
of rape become “realistic” enough to attract criminal liability for
publication.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><span style="color: #333333; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3) <i>Sadomasochistic material,
which goes beyond trifling and transient infliction of injury.</i></span></b><span style="color: #333333; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #333333; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">This phrase explicitly references the
case of R v Brown (colloquially referred to as “Spanner”), which stated that
individuals cannot consent to injuries “beyond trifling and transient” in a
sexual context.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="color: #333333; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The CPS now
defines this level of injury as: “<span style="background: white;">significant
medical intervention and/or permanent effects”.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #333333; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Whilst the House of Lords’ decision in
Brown has been consistently criticised for being Paternalistic, homophobic and
arcane; it is still currently binding law. Therefore the inclusion of this
clause is, regrettably, consistent with the criminal law.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><span style="color: #333333; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4) <i>Torture with instruments.</i></span></b><span style="color: #333333; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #333333; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Since obscenity law is usually constructed
in the context of controlling human sexuality, this clause is unlikely to
prohibit the publication of CIA waterboarding or ISIS beheadings. Thus, it is
unclear what might amount to “torture” in a sexual context and what might be
classified as an “instrument”.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><span style="color: #333333; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5) <i>Bondage (especially where
gags are used with no apparent means of withdrawing consent).</i></span></b><span style="color: #333333; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #333333; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">This clause is particularly poorly
phrased; however it seems to suggest that it must be clear to the viewer that
the performer in bondage is visibly capable of withdrawing consent. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><span style="color: #333333; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6) <i>Dismemberment or graphic
mutilation;</i></span></b><span style="color: #333333; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #333333; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Whilst the act of committing
“dismemberment” would be illegal (as per Brown, above), it is unclear what constitutes
“graphic mutilation”? What about images of female genital mutilation? That is a
clearly abusive and non-consensual practice.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #333333; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">However, it is likely to catch consensual
sexual activities like “blood play” (cutting the top layer of skin for the
purpose of sexual gratification), irrespective of whether it is performed in a risk
awareness fashion. Hence this seems an unnecessary repetition of the “sadomasochistic
material” and “torture with instruments” provisions above.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><span style="color: #333333; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">7) <i>Activities involving
perversion or degradation</i></span></b><span style="color: #333333; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <b><i>(such as drinking urine, urination or vomiting on to the body, or
excretion or use of excreta). </i></b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #333333; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Confusingly, these activities are legal
to perform in real-life with consent. Yet they are classified as obscene with
the highly subjective and pejorative language of <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>“perversion” and “degradation”, ignoring the
performers’ right to consent to being “degraded”.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><span style="color: #333333; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">8) <i>Fisting.</i></span></b><span style="color: #333333; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Similarly fisting (both vaginal and anal)
is legal to perform in real-life with consent.</span><span style="color: #333333; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Yet the
representation of that activity becomes illegal and classified </span><span style="color: #333333; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>along with bestiality? </span><span style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hence, despite the jury finding Micheal
Peacock not guilty in his #ObscenityTrial for the publication of both
watersports and fisting material, the CPS have expressly refused to update
their guidelines since then.</span><span style="color: #333333; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>ObscenityLawyerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15652268259166107121noreply@blogger.com5tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8920850427843688264.post-48699346908534961892014-10-26T23:44:00.000-07:002015-04-30T12:45:23.755-07:00Tiger Porn Victim Bites Back<script type="text/javascript">
window.location = "http://mylesjackman.com/index.php/my-blog/105-tiger-porn-victim-bites-back";
</script>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">Crown
Prosecution Service asked to review <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">The
"extreme pornography" law<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US">Let me tell you a legal joke. A man walks into a Court. He’s charged
with an offence under Section 63 of The Criminal Justice and Immigration Act 2008
of being in possession of an “extreme pornographic” video of a woman having sex
with a tiger. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US">The video was sent to him by a friend, unsolicited, as a joke. He
had no idea what the content of the video was before opening it. Yet the
defendant was arrested at his home address, interviewed by the police under
caution, charged, then bailed to the Magistrates’ Court and finally sent to the
Crown Court. It was here that the Judge requested the video be played in full,
with the sound on, in open Court. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US">The play button was pressed. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US">It turned out the “tiger” was a man in a tiger-skin costume, who
turns to the camera and says: “That’s Grrreat”.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US">Hilarious. Except that the joke was on the defendant (</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">Andrew Holland, of Wrexham,
North Wales) as the story was on the front cover of The Daily Telegraph and
numerous articles published across the globe. His name became synonymous with
the joke, which had a devastating impact on his reputation.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">Now, Mr Holland has requested
that the Crown Prosecution Service review this law, to save other innocents
from facing the same fate as him. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">This review comes when it has
become clear that millions of adults using mobile phone messaging services like
WhatsApp can be sent potentially “extreme” material to their phones, by
friends, without knowing that they are actually in technical possession of
illegal images.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">If it is unclear whether an
image might be extreme and therefore illegal, how can a person be expected to
know if they’ve broken the law?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">Hence, on behalf of future
potential defendants, Mr Holland is claiming that:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">1. The term "extreme" pornography
is not clearly defined in the legislation; and therefore a potential defendant
would not be able to understand anticipate if being in possession of certain
images might be illegal; <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">2. There is insufficient guidance from the
DPP as to when these offences will be prosecuted; <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">3. The offence is disproportionate to the legislation's
intended aims.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Thus, on Mr Holland’s behalf, we at Hodge
Jones & Allen LLP have asked that the Secretary of State for the Home
Department to carry out a Human Rights Impact Assessment of the offences. Should
the offence fail the Human Rights Impact Assessment, we have requested that
this be confirmed in writing so that we can issue judicial review proceedings.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">For a more detailed
understanding of these issues, beneath this introduction, are the following
documents:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 21.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">A letter from the sexual liberty campaign Backlash, to the Prime
Minister;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 21.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">A Press Release explaining the issues;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 21.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">The letter setting out the
legal issues.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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Unit 4<o:p></o:p></div>
<div align="right" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: right;">
92-98 Vauxhall Walk<o:p></o:p></div>
<div align="right" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: right;">
London <o:p></o:p></div>
<div align="right" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: right;">
SE11 5EL<o:p></o:p></div>
<div align="right" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: right;">
<a href="mailto:contact@backlash-uk.org.uk">contact@backlash-uk.org.uk</a><o:p></o:p></div>
<div align="right" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: right;">
<br /></div>
<div align="right" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: right;">
24 October 2014<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Dear Prime Minister<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">S63(7) of the
Criminal Justice and Immigration Act 2008<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Prospective
Judicial Review in the Administrative Court of the High Court: Pre-Action
Protocol Letter<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US">In the years since S63(7) of the Criminal Justice and Immigration
Act 2008 was enacted there have been over 5,500 prosecutions for possession
offences. Prior to the introduction of the legislation Ministers said there
would merely be a handful of cases each year, and the Regulatory Impact
Assessment predicted just 30 per annum.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US">Of great concern is that over the five years since enactment of the
legislation the public, law enforcement agencies and the judiciary remain
either oblivious or uncertain as to the precise meaning of at least two, and
possibly all four, categories of the legislation. The Simon Walsh trial showed
that CPS had sought to widen the meaning of Section 63(7)(b), seeking to
prosecute for possession of images that depicted unconventional but not
dangerous behaviour. The Andrew Holland (“Tiger porn”) case (Section 63(7)(d)) showed
that harmless but crude jokes could also result in prosecution.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US">While both of these cases and others resulted in acquittal, it is
unacceptable that the legal profession remains uncertain as to what types of
material may get members of the public into trouble. There is emphatic evidence
that many lawyers have advised people to plead guilty to possession offences to
avoid the cost involved in trial, despite subsequent examination of the facts
revealing that no offence had been committed.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US">The brutal reality is that lives are being turned upside down,
careers destroyed and worse. In the light of the extreme nature of the
penalties upon conviction, inclusion on the sex offenders register, lengthy
period of incarceration and a heavy fine, it is wholly unacceptable that the
public is denied an unequivocal, precise and detailed statement of that which
is legal and that illegal to possess. If it really is impossible for the
executive to provide clarity, then legislators must repeal the sections that
cause the greatest difficulty (S63(7)(a) and(b).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Today, Hodge Jones & Allen LLP, acting on
behalf of Andrew Holland, has written to The Director of Public Prosecutions
explaining that the case against Mr Holland breached his human rights for three
reasons. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">1. That the term "extreme"
pornography is insufficiently clearly defined in S63 CJIA 2008.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It is not clear from the wording and
accompanying case law how a potential defendant would be able to understand its
scope and foresee the consequence of his/her actions; <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">2. There is insufficient guidance from the
DPP as to when offences under S63 will be prosecuted; and<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">3. The offence is a disproportionate means of
achieving the legislation's intended aims.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Hodge Jones & Allen LLP have asked that
the Secretary of State for the Home Department carries out a Human Rights
Impact Assessment in relation to S63 CJIA 2008. In the event that the section
fails the Human Rights Impact Assessment it is requested that this be confirmed
in writing so that proceedings can be issued by way of judicial review by the
Claimant who can then seek a Declaration of Incompatibility by way of a Consent
Order. This will allow the Secretary of State for the Home Department to repeal
Section 63 of the Criminal Justice & Immigration Act 2008 by use of the
fast-track procedure under Section 10 of the Human Rights Act 1998.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">I appeal to you to intervene to ensure that
common sense and justice prevail. The harm being caused by S63(7) CJIA 2008 now
greatly exceeds any perceived benefits.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Yours
faithfully<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Hazel
Eracleous<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Chair,
Backlash <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">Backlash Media Information:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">EMBARGO</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">:
00.01hrs Monday 27th October 2014<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">"Tiger
porn" defendant requests human rights review of <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">"extreme
pornography" law by Crown Prosecution Service<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">The law penalising possession
of "extreme pornography" faces judicial review by a defendant
previously charged with having a video of woman having sex with a tiger.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">It was revealed in Court that
the tiger was actually a man in a tiger-skin costume.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">Yet the former defendant,
Andrew Holland, of Wrexham, North Wales, suffered significant disruption to his
life and widespread public ridicule.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">Solicitor Myles Jackman at
Hodge Jones & Allen LLP acting on behalf of Mr Holland, said:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">"Mr Holland does not
want others to go through the ordeal that he has faced. Mr Holland wants to
ensure that others are not prosecuted unnecessarily in the manner that he was.
He remains subject to the risk of further criminal charges in the event that he
is in possession of similar joke images in the future."<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">Consequently Backlash have
written to the Prime Minister, and HJA have written to Alison Saunders, the
Director of Public Prosecutions asking her to review the implementation of this
law: Section 63 of the Criminal Justice and Immigration Act 2008.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">"Something has gone
significantly wrong as Parliament were told there would be thirty of these
cases a year, whereas there have actually been thousands of such costly
prosecutions" emphasised Backlash Chair Hazel Eraclaeous.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">If this review is not
forthcoming, the law will be challenged by way of judicial review in the
Administrative Court of the High Court.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">Jon Fuller, spokesperson for
Backlash, said:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">"This law threatens
anyone with a sex life they want to keep private. It threatens ordinary members
of the public who exchange dirty jokes by phone and over the internet.
Potentially criminalizing millions of people is a disproportionate consequence
of a law not based on harm and with no clear benefit."<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">Contact<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">Myles Jackman, Backlash legal
adviser & solicitor at HJA: 07791 436 100 - </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="mailto:law@mylesjackman.com"><span style="color: #386eff; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">law@mylesjackman.com</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">Jon Fuller, Backlash
spokesperson: 07951 570 784 - </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="mailto:contact@backlash-uk.org.uk"><span style="color: #386eff; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">contact@backlash-uk.org.uk</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">Notes for Editors:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">1. Backlash is an umbrella
campaign providing academic campaigning and legal resources in defence of
freedom of sexual expression.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">2. Hodge Jones & Allen
LLP is a Tier 1 firm for civil liberties and criminal defence.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">3. A commentary by Myles
Jackman aka @ObscenityLawyer is available here: <a href="http://obscenitylawyer.blogspot.co.uk/">http://obscenitylawyer.blogspot.co.uk/</a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">4. The full text of the
letters are available here: <a href="http://www.backlash-uk.org.uk/pm141024/">http://www.backlash-uk.org.uk/pm141024/</a>
and <a href="http://www.backlash-uk.org.uk/jrofcjia/">http://www.backlash-uk.org.uk/jrofcjia/</a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">5. Andrew Holland's case can
be read here: </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://www.backlash-uk.org.uk/press/appearances-and-statements/tiger-porn/"><span style="color: #386eff; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">http://www.backlash-uk.org.uk/press/appearances-and-statements/tiger-porn/</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">More details of the
"extreme pornography" ban can be read here: </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://www.backlash-uk.org.uk/the-law/"><span style="color: #386eff; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">http://www.backlash-uk.org.uk/the-law/</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">ALSO BY FAX TO: 020
3357 7121<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: 9.0pt;">Hodge Jones & Allen LLP<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="left" class="Proclaim" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt;">180 North Gower Street<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 9.0pt;">London<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 9.0pt;">NW1 2NB<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 9.0pt;">DX 2101 EUSTON<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 9.0pt;">www.hja.net<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 9.0pt;">Direct tel: [REDACTED]<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 9.0pt;">Direct fax: 0207 874 8306<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 9.0pt;">Switchboard: 020 7874 8300<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div align="left" class="Proclaim" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt;">Our ref: 1004531.0001/DGO <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 9.0pt;">Your ref: <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">20<sup>th</sup>
October 2014<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Ms Alison Saunders<o:p></o:p></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">The Director of Public Prosecutions<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">Crown Prosecution Service<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">Special Casework Unit <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">CPS London<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">DX 161330<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">VICTORIA 19 <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Dear Ms Saunders <o:p></o:p></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">Re:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The
Queen (on the Application of Andrew Holland) v (1) Director of Public
Prosecutions (2) Secretary of State for the Home Department <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Prospective
Judicial Review in the Administrative Court of the High Court <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">Judicial Review Pre-Action Protocol Letter <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">We act for the above mentioned prospective
Claimant.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">This claim relates to the Secretary of State for
the Home Department's introduction of the criminal offence of possession of
extreme pornographic images which was introduced by Section 63 of the Criminal
Justice and Immigration Act 2008.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">This
prospective judicial review also concerns the guidance issued by the Director
of Public Prosecutions in respect to that offence.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">This
matter may give rise to judicial review proceedings.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Accordingly, we are writing this letter to
provide you with an opportunity to respond to the relevant issues in the hope
that litigation might be avoided.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Please
accept this letter as a formal letter before claim as required by the
pre-action protocol governing claims for judicial review. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">Our Client</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">We act
on behalf of the above named who was born on 20 July 1962 and whose formal
address is 32 High Street, Coedpoeth, Wrexham, LL11 3SB.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">Proposed Defendants<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">Should
proceedings become necessary the proposed defendants are the Director of Public
Prosecutions and the Secretary of State for the Home Department.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">Interested Parties</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">Should
proceedings become necessary there are no proposed interested parties. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">Previous Correspondence</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">This
is the first letter in relation to this matter.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>We respectfully request that you provide your reference details.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The case number at the Magistrates’ Court was
600900338820, the original custody number was C00157346, the CPS URN in the
original criminal proceedings was 60EW08730-09.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">Factual History <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">Mr
Holland is a private individual.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">On 10<sup>th</sup> June 2009, Mr Holland was arrested and conveyed to
Wrexham Police Station on suspicion of being in possession of indecent images
of children.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Following a no-comment
interview, Mr Holland was bailed to return to the police station on 12<sup>th</sup>
August 2009.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The police extended the bail return period on two occasions.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>On 1<sup>st</sup> October 2009, Mr Holland
was charged with two offences, namely:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 75.6pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Possession of an extreme pornographic
image, which portrayed in an explicit and realistic way, a person performing an
act of intercourse with a live animal, namely a tiger, which was grossly
offensive, disgusting or otherwise of an obscene character, contrary to s.63(1)(7)(d)
and s.67(3) of the Criminal Justice and Immigration Act 2008; and<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Possession of an extreme pornographic
image, which portrayed in an explicit and realistic way an act which resulted
or was likely to result in serious injury to a person’s genitals and which was
grossly offensive, disgusting, or otherwise of an obscene character.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">These charges related to two videos in Mr Holland’s possession:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The first video was a parody video
featuring a tiger purporting to have sex with a woman.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The tiger turned towards the camera and said,
“<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">that’s grrrrrreat”</i>, in the style of
Tony the Tiger, a character used to advertise Kellogg’s Frosties.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The second video was a compilation
called “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Pain Olympics”</i>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It showed a series of images at fast speed
with a musical accompaniment of hard rock music.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The images purported to show a series of acts
of mutilation of body parts, including: (i) the insertion of a live banger-type
firework into the penis in the style of catheter, which was then lit and
explodes, (ii) the driving of a large nail through a scrotum with a hammer,
(iii) the stretching a penis in a clamp, before it was sliced open.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>However, the video was a “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">spoof”</i>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Mr Holland argued that this video was not “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">pornographic” </i>and was not “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">extreme”</i>;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Mr Holland gave no indication as to plea in the Wrexham Magistrates’
Court and was committed for trial. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">At the Plea and Case Management Hearing at Mold Crown Court on the 31<sup>st</sup>
December 2009 the CPS offered no evidence in respect of the first charge which
related to the parody video featuring a tiger purporting to have sex with a
woman. This was due to the fact that that the judge requested that the CPS play
the soundtrack to the parody video which revealed the tiger turning towards the
camera and saying, “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">that’s grrrrrreat”</i>,
in the style of Tony the Tiger at the conclusion. It became apparent that the
CPS had failed to examine their own evidence prior to this time which is why
they decided not to proceed upon listening to the soundtrack. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">On 17<sup>th</sup> March 2010, the matter was listed for trial at the
Mold Crown Court in respect of the remaining charge.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The video was played to a jury.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Counsel acting on behalf of Mr Holland
advised him that he had “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">no hope”</i> of
successfully defending the charges against him.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>He pleaded guilty to both offences.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>The matter was adjourned for sentence.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">On 9<sup>th</sup> April 2010, Mr Holland was put in touch with Backlash,
an organisation that campaigns on behalf of sexual freedoms.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Through this organisation, Mr Holland
instructed a specialist solicitor, Mr Myles Jackman, who applied to vacate Mr
Holland’s guilty plea.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">On 28<sup>th</sup> May 2010, a judge at the Mold Crown Court accepted
that Mr Holland had been wrongly advised by his previous legal
representatives.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The matter was
re-opened.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Mr Holland entered a
not-guilty plea.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>His legal
representatives made detailed representations to the DPP on behalf of Mr
Holland.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">On 5<sup>th</sup> August 2010, the DPP accepted that the material in Mr
Holland’s possession did not contravene the law.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>His representatives offered no evidence
against Mr Holland.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Despite his acquittal of the criminal charges, Mr Holland suffered a
considerable detriment as a result of this prosecution.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Mr Holland faced widespread ridicule as a
result of his prosecution, with some ill-informed commenters suggesting that he
had been prosecuted for possession of indecent images of children.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He received hate mail and felt under
threat.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>As a result, he does not
regularly reside at his home address.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">Mr
Holland does not want others to go through the ordeal that he has faced.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Mr Holland wants to ensure that others are
not prosecuted unnecessarily in the manner that he was. He remains subject to
the risk of further criminal charges in the event that he is in possession of
similar joke images in the future. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">The Law</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(i)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">Extreme
Pornography <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The offence of possession of an extreme pornographic image was
introduced by s.63 Criminal Justice and Immigration Act 2008, which provides: <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">(1)
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>It is an offence for a person to be
in possession of an extreme pornographic image.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">(2) <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>An “extreme pornographic image” is an image
which is both—<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">(a)
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>pornographic, and<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">(b)
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>an extreme image.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">(3)
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>An image is “pornographic” if it is
of such a nature that it must reasonably be assumed to have been produced
solely or principally for the purpose of sexual arousal.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">(4)
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Where (as found in the person's
possession) an image forms part of a series of images, the question whether the
image is of such a nature as is mentioned in subsection (3) is to be determined
by reference to—<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">(a)
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>the image itself, and<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">(b)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>(if the series of images is such as to be
capable of providing a context for the image) the context in which it occurs in
the series of images.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">(5) <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>So, for example, where—<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">(a)
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>an image forms an integral part of a
narrative constituted by a series of images, and<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 108.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">(b)
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>having regard to those images as a
whole, they are not of such a nature that they must reasonably be assumed to
have been produced solely or principally for the purpose of sexual arousal,<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">the image may, by virtue
of being part of that narrative, be found not to be pornographic, even though
it might have been found to be pornographic if taken by itself.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">(6) <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>An “extreme image” is an image which—<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">(a)
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>falls within subsection (7), and<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 108.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">(b)
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>is grossly offensive, disgusting or
otherwise of an obscene character.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">(7)
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>An image falls within this subsection
if it portrays, in an explicit and realistic way, any of the following—<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">(a) <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>an act which threatens a person's life,<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 108.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">(b)
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>an act which results, or is likely to
result, in serious injury to a person's anus, breasts or genitals,<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 108.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 108.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">(c)
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>an act which involves sexual
interference with a human corpse, or<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 108.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 108.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">(d)
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>a person performing an act of
intercourse or oral sex with an animal (whether dead or alive),<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">and a reasonable
person looking at the image would think that any such person or animal was
real.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">(8) <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>In this section <i>“image”</i> means—<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">(a)
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>a moving or still image (produced by
any means); or<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 108.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">(b)
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>data (stored by any means) which is
capable of conversion into an image within paragraph (a).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">(9)
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>In this section references to a part
of the body include references to a part surgically constructed (in particular
through gender reassignment surgery).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">(10)
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Proceedings for an offence under this
section may not be instituted—<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 108.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">(a)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>in England and Wales, except by or with
the consent of the Director of Public Prosecutions; or<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 108.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 108.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">(b)
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>in Northern Ireland, except by or
with the consent of the Director of Public Prosecutions for Northern Ireland.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: normal;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Where a case is heard in the Crown Court,
the maximum sentence is imprisonment for three years for possession of images
covered by s.63(7)(a) or (b) (life threatening acts, or serious injury) and
imprisonment for two years for possession of images of bestiality and
necrophilia (s.67 Criminal Justice and Immigration Act 2008). In both cases an
unlimited fine may also be imposed. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: normal;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Section 64(1) and (2) Criminal Justice and Immigration Act 2008 provides
that the criminal offence does not apply to “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">an image which forms part of a series of images contained in a
recording of the whole or part of a classified work</i>”.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8920850427843688264#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">classified
work”</i> is “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">a video work in respect of
which a classification certificate has been issued by a designated authority
(whether before or after the commencement of this section)</i>” (s.64(7)).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: normal;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">It is a defence to this criminal offence for a person to prove the
following matters, as set out in s.64(5)(2) Criminal Justice and Immigration
Act 2008:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: normal;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 72.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">(a) <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>that the person had a
legitimate reason for being in possession of the image concerned;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 72.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 72.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">(b) <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>that the person had not
seen the image concerned and did not know, nor had any cause to suspect, it to
be an extreme pornographic image;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 72.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 72.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">(c) <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>that the person—<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 72.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 108.0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(i)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">was sent the image concerned without any prior
request having been made by or on behalf of the person, and<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 108.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 108.0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(ii)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">did not keep it for an unreasonable time.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: normal;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Where a person, D, is charged with an offence under s.63(7)(a), (b), or
(c), s.66 Criminal Justice and Immigration Act 2008 provides that:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: normal;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">(2) <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>It is a defence for D to prove—<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 108.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">(a)
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>that D directly participated in the
act or any of the acts portrayed, and<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 108.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 108.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">(b)
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>that the act or acts did not involve
the infliction of any non-consensual harm on any person, and<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 108.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 108.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">(c)
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>if the image portrays an act within
section 63(7)(c), that what is portrayed as a human corpse was not in fact a
corpse.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 108.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">(3)
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>For the purposes of this section harm
inflicted on a person is “non-consensual” harm if—<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 108.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">(a)
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>the harm is of such a nature that
the person cannot, in law, consent to it being inflicted on himself or herself;
or<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 108.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 108.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">(b)
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>where the person can, in law, consent
to it being so inflicted, the person does not in fact consent to it being so
inflicted.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: normal;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">In November 2008, the Ministry of Justice published guidance, “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Further information on the new offence of
possession of extreme pornographic images”</i>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>This guidance provides the following assistance:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: normal;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-left: 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">I still find this
law difficult to understand. What other sources of information are available
which may help show what pornographic material is legal and what is illegal in
the UK? <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div style="margin-left: 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-left: 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The Sections
(63-67) in the Act give considerable detail about the material which is
covered. In addition to specifying that the material must be 1) pornographic
and 2) grossly offensive, disgusting or otherwise of an obscene character,
there is a list of the extreme, explicit and realistic images which are caught.
Information is also available at the Crown Prosecution Service website,
www.cps.gov.uk, about material they will consider for prosecution under the
Obscene Publications Act 1959 and information at the BBFC website,
www.bbfc.org.uk about the sort of sexual material they refuse to classify. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="margin-left: 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-left: 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Why is there not a
simple list of material which is illegal? <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div style="margin-left: 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-left: 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">There is a very
wide range of pornographic material available and it is not possible to produce
a comprehensive list in this way. The legislation itself is already very
descriptive in outlining the type of material which will be illegal to possess.
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="margin-left: 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-left: 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">I have heard that
the new legislation is aimed at the Bondage, Domination and Sado Masochism
(BDSM) community and will criminalise many millions of people. Is this true? <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div style="margin-left: 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-left: 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">No. The new
legislation is not directed at any particular group and will only catch a
subset of material which is already illegal to publish or distribute under the
Obscene Publications Act 1959 (OPA). BDSM material which is legally available
under the OPA and used by the BDSM community should not be caught by the new
offence. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: normal;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The DPP has issued guidance on her website with regard to the offence of
possession of extreme pornography.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8920850427843688264#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The CPS user guide<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8920850427843688264#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
provides that:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">“This Legal Guidance is prepared by the
Crown Prosecution Service. It provides guidance to prosecutors
and paralegal staff in relation to many criminal offences and
procedural issues. The Legal Guidance is used as an aid to guide Crown
Prosecutors and Associate Prosecutors in the use of their discretion in making
decisions in cases, and is subject to the principles as set out in
the Code for Crown Prosecutors.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">...<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">“Reference to the Legal Guidance does not
override the need for Crown Prosecutors to consider each case on its individual
merits, and to take into account special circumstances when applying the
principles set out in the Code for Crown Prosecutors.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">“The Legal Guidance is not a substitute for
any recognised legal textbook, such as Archbold, Blackstone's, Stone's
Justices' Manual or Wilkinson's Road Traffic Offences. Crown Prosecutors
and paralegal staff use these sources as well as the Legal Guidance
in their work. Therefore, these are referred to at various places in the
guidance. However, for contractual reasons, members of the public cannot gain
access to these reference sources through this guidance. It is not
intended to provide legal advice to members of the public, nor does it replace
the specialised advice of lawyers or other experts.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">“The Legal Guidance does not create any
rights enforceable at law, in any legal proceedings.”<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: normal;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">In relation to </span><span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">the
meaning of “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">grossly offensive, disgusting
or otherwise of an obscene character</i>”, the DPP’s legal guidance states,
under the heading “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Elements of the
Offence</i>,” that the prosecution must prove <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">“that the image is extreme namely grossly offensive, disgusting, or
otherwise of an obscene character</i>.<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">”</i>
</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Under the heading “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">An Extreme Image</i>,” the guidance states:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: normal;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 72.0pt;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">“Section
63(6) of the Act states that an extreme image must be explicit and realistic;
both those terms take their ordinary dictionary definition. Taking an example
which was raised during parliamentary debates on the Criminal Justice and
Immigration Bill, the anal sex scene in the movie "Last Tango in
Paris", even if it were to be considered pornographic and of an obscene
nature, would not be caught by the new offence, because it is not explicit and
does not portray an act resulting or likely to result in serious injury to a
person's anus.”<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: normal;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The guidance further states, under the
heading “Charging Practice”:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: normal;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 72.0pt;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">“The
offence of possessing an extreme pornographic image criminalises the possession
of a limited range of extreme sexual and violent material. When considering
what may be classified as extreme pornography, it should be borne in mind that
all extreme pornography is obscene (section 63(6) (b) of the Act) as classified
by the Obscene Publications Act 1959.</span></i><span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">But not all obscene material is
extreme</i>.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: normal;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: normal;">
<b><span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">ii.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Human
Rights<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: normal;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">It is unlawful for a public authority to act incompatibly with the
rights set out in Schedule 1 of the Human Rights Act 1998 (s.6 Human Rights Act
1998).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Those rights include Articles 8
and 10 of the Convention.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Article 8 of the Convention provides:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: normal;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">1.
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Everyone has the right to respect
for his private and family life, his home and his correspondence.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">2.
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>There shall be no interference by
a public authority with the exercise of this right except such as is in
accordance with the law and is necessary in a democratic society in the
interests of national security, public safety or the economic well-being of the
country, for the prevention of disorder or crime, for the protection of health
or morals, or for the protection of the rights and freedoms of others.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: normal;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Article 10 of the Convention provides:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: normal;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">1.
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Everyone has the right to freedom
of expression. This right shall include freedom to hold opinions and to receive
and impart information and ideas without interference by public authority and
regardless of frontiers. This article shall not prevent States from requiring
the licensing of broadcasting, television or cinema enterprises.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">2.
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The exercise of these freedoms,
since it carries with it duties and responsibilities, may be subject to such
formalities, conditions, restrictions or penalties as are prescribed by law and
are necessary in a democratic society, in the interests of national security,
territorial integrity or public safety, for the prevention of disorder or
crime, for the protection of health or morals, for the protection of the
reputation or rights of others, for preventing the disclosure of information
received in confidence, or for maintaining the authority and impartiality of
the judiciary.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The DPP is a “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">public authority”</i>
for the purposes of Articles 8(2) and 10(2) and a “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">public body”</i> for the purposes of s.6 Human Rights Act 1998 (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">R (Purdy) v Director of Public
Prosecutions<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></i>(at paragraph 29).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: normal;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Both Articles 8(2) and 10(2) refer to the Convention principle of
legality.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: normal;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 72.0pt;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">“The Convention principle of legality requires
the court to address itself to three distinct questions. The first is whether
there is a legal basis in domestic law for the restriction. The second is
whether the law or rule in question is sufficiently accessible to the
individual who is affected by the restriction, and sufficiently precise to
enable him to understand its scope and foresee the consequences of his actions
so that he can regulate his conduct without breaking the law. The third is
whether, assuming that these two requirements are satisfied, it is nevertheless
open to the criticism that it is being applied in a way that is arbitrary
because, for example, it has been resorted to in bad faith or in a way that is
not proportionate …<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 72.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 72.0pt;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">“The word “law” in this context is to be
understood in its substantive sense, not its formal one … . This qualification
of the concept is important, as it makes it clear that law for this purpose
goes beyond the mere words of the statute. … it has been held to include both
enactments of lower rank than statutes and unwritten law. Furthermore, it
implies qualitative requirements, including those of accessibility and
foreseeability. Accessibility means that an individual must know from the
wording of the relevant provision and, if need be, with the assistance of the
court's interpretation of it what acts and omissions will make him criminally
liable … . The requirement of foreseeability will be satisfied where the person
concerned is able to foresee, if need be with appropriate legal advice, the
consequences which a given action may entail. A law which confers a discretion
is not in itself inconsistent with this requirement, provided the scope of the
discretion and the manner of its exercise are indicated with sufficient clarity
to give the individual protection against interference which is arbitrary …” </span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">(see <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Purdy </i>at paragraph 40).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: normal;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The issue in <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Purdy</i> was the
application of these principles to s.2(4) Suicide Act 1961, which provided, in
materially identical terms to s.63(10) Criminal Justice and Immigration Act
2008: “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">no proceedings shall be instituted
for an offence under this section except by or with the consent of the Director
of Public Prosecutions</i>.”<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> </i>When
considering the issue of consent Lord Hope concluded at paragraphs 54 and 55:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: normal;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">54 <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The Code [for Crown Prosecutors] will normally provide
sufficient guidance to Crown Prosecutors and to the public as to how decisions
should or are likely to be taken whether or not, in a given case, it will be in
the public interest to prosecute. This is a valuable safeguard for the
vulnerable, as it enables the prosecutor to take into account the whole
background of the case. In most cases its application will ensure
predictability and consistency of decision-taking, and people will know where
they stand. But that cannot be said of cases where the offence in contemplation
is aiding or abetting the suicide of a person who is terminally ill or severely
and incurably disabled, who wishes to be helped to travel to a country where
assisted suicide is lawful and who, having the capacity to take such a
decision, does so freely and with a full understanding of the consequences.
There is already an obvious gulf between what section 2(1) [Suicide Act 1961]
says and the way that the subsection is being applied in practice in
compassionate cases of that kind.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">55 <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The cases that have been referred to the Director are few, but
they will undoubtedly grow in number. Decisions in this area of the law are, of
course, highly sensitive to the facts of each case. They are also likely to be
controversial. But I would not regard these as reasons for excusing the
Director from the obligation to clarify what his position is as to the factors
that he regards as relevant for and against prosecution in this very special and
carefully defined class of case. How he goes about this task must be a matter
for him, as also must be the ultimate decision as to whether or not to
prosecute. But, as the definition which I have given may show, it ought to be
possible to confine the class that requires special treatment to a very narrow
band of cases with the result that the Code will continue to apply to all those
cases that fall outside it.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: normal;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">At paragraph 64, Baroness Hale accepted the need for greater clarity
about the factors which the DPP and her subordinates will take into account in
making their decisions. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: normal;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Lord Brown concluded, at paragraph 83, that “something more is needed
than the existing general Code to reflect the very particular nature of the
section 2(1) offence.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In coming to this
conclusion, Lord Hope was influenced by his view that the DPP’s decision in the
Daniel James case “appears … to underline the essential unhelpfulness of the
Code itself as any sort of guide to those attempting to ascertain the critical
factors likely to determine how the Director will exercise his prosecutorial
discretion in this class of case” (at paragraph 81).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Lord Neuberger came to the same conclusion at paragraphs 102 to 104.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: normal;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">At paragraph 1, Lord Phillips agreed with all of these judgments.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">It is
accepted that the case of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Purdy </i>is
the only case in which the DPP has been ordered to prepare offence specific
guidance.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>However, it is relevant to
note that </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">the DPP has, of its own volition, previously issued a
“<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Policy for Prosecuting Cases”</i> for a
large number of offences, including “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">of
Bad Driving”</i> (undated), “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">of
Disability Hate Crime</i>” (published in 2007), “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Rape</i>” (updated in March 2012), “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">of
Domestic Violence</i>” (3<sup>rd</sup> edition, published in March 2009), “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">of Human Trafficking”</i> (published in May
2011), and “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">of Homophobic and Transphobic
Hate Crime</i>” (3<sup>rd</sup> edition published in October 2009).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The DPP has also published a “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Prosecution Policy for Football Related
Offences”</i> (published on 23<sup>rd</sup> August 2013), a policy on “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Deaths in Custody”</i> (undated), a joint
public statement (along with the Association of Chief Police Officers) on “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Householders and the use of force against
intruders</i>“ (undated), and a “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Policy
for prosecuting cases involving the intentional or reckless sexual transmission
of infection</i>” (updated on 15<sup>th</sup> July 2011), which provides:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: normal;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 72.0pt;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #262626; font-family: Cambria; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">“We are publishing this statement
because we recognise the importance of, and the need for, consistent
decision-making. We also recognise the potential tension between public health
and criminal justice considerations. However, the criminal law exists in part
to protect those who are the victims of unlawful conduct by others, including
through the unlawful transmission of sexual infection.</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: normal;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The DPP has separately published, on the Crown Prosecution Website, “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">legal guidance”</i> documents for 160 types
of offences.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The website provides that
the purpose of this guidance is:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: normal;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 72.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">“<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Legal Guidance is core to the
decision making of the CPS and in making the guidance publicly available, we
underline our commitment to open and transparent decision making. We will
strive to keep apace of changes in the law and procedure and will regularly
update our guidance.”<o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: normal;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">This guidance includes, as set out above, specific guidance as to the
offence at the heart of this proposed claim.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">Relevant Issues<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">The
first issue in this proposed claim is that the term "<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">extreme</i>" pornography is insufficiently clearly defined in
Section 63 of the Criminal Justice and Immigration Act 2008.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It is not clear from the wording and
accompanying case law how a potential defendant would be able to understand its
scope and foresee the consequence of his/her actions.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">Section
63 (6) provides that an "<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">extreme
image</i>" is one which falls within Section 63 (7) and is <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">"grossly offensive, disgusting or
otherwise of an obscene character</i>”.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>These conditions are accumulative.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Each of these conditions is inherently subjective.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>As a result, it is submitted that it is not
immediately apparent which images will be classed as <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">"extreme".</i> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">The
Convention requires the law be sufficiently clear to enable an individual to
foresee whether his or her acts constitute an offence.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">This
case graphically demonstrates that is not clear how an individual can know
whether an individual will be guilty or not of this criminal offence.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Mr Holland was innocent, yet he was persuaded
initially to plead guilty.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>That guilty
plea was accepted by the Court and then the Court agreed to vacate the guilty
plea. This suggests that there is a lack of understanding on the part of
individuals, practitioners and the courts as to the correct scope of this
offence. In this context there is a particular need for clarity given the
significant social stigma attached to a prosecution under Section 63.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>We would submit the graver the potential
consequences, the more important it is that the consequences are
foreseeable.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>These concerns are
consistent with the published advice of Mr Rabinder Singh QC (now Singh J<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8920850427843688264#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>) and
with the views of the former Solicitor General, Mr Edward Garnier MP QC<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8920850427843688264#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[5]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>. It
follows that the law is currently insufficiently clear and incompatible with
Articles 8 and 10 of the Convention.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">The
second issue in this proposed claim is that there is insufficient guidance from
the DPP as to when offences under Section 63 will be prosecuted.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Although the mere existence of the DPP's
discretion to prosecute is not in itself inconsistent with the Convention
principle of legality that this case has a number of similarities with <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Purdy</i>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Firstly, the Code for Crown Prosecutors does not provide sufficient
guidance as to when decisions to prosecute are likely to be taken or when
prosecutions under Section 63 will be in the public interest.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Secondly, there is no obvious obstacle to the
DPP providing offence specific guidance, given that the DPP already purports to
have done so.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Thirdly, the offence is
unusual and highly subjective.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Fourthly,
the offence is potentially serious with sentences including imprisonment for a
maximum of three years and likely to imply significant social stigma such as
has been suffered even by Mr Holland on acquittal.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Fifthly, there is a risk that the offence
will be used to disproportionately target minorities such as the gay community
(see the commentary following a recent acquittal, which suggested that the
offence was used as a "homophobic witch hunt"<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8920850427843688264#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[6]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> ). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">Therefore,
as in <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Purdy</i>, there is arguably no
sufficiently clear or relevant guidance available as to how the very widely
expressed discretion accorded to the DPP in Section 62 (10) of the Act will be
exercised.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The current guidance does
little more than repeat the terms of the legislation.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Further and better guidance is required.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">The
third proposed ground of challenge is that the offence is a disproportionate
means of achieving the legislation's intended aims.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Whilst it is clear that the legislation is
aimed at the protection of morals and this would be accepted by both the
domestic and Strasbourg courts however, it is submitted that the legislation is
disproportionate.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>That is because:- <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: normal;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 57.6pt; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo3; tab-stops: list 57.6pt; text-indent: -21.6pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Where
an</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> interference involves an intimate aspect of private life, particularly
weighty reasons are required for its justification (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Dudgeon v United Kingdom</i> (1982) 4 EHRR 149);</span><span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 57.6pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 57.6pt; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo3; tab-stops: list 57.6pt; text-indent: -21.6pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Given
that </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">a prosecution or the threat of a prosecution, with the
potential penalty of three years imprisonment, for looking at adult pornography
in private is a very serious interference in an individual’s right to respect
for an intimate aspect of their private life under Article 8 and their freedom
of expression under Article 10, a particularly powerful justification is required;</span><span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: normal;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 57.6pt; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo3; tab-stops: list 57.6pt; text-indent: -21.6pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">As the Government admits, there is no proof that
the use of “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">extreme”</i> images by
individuals causes or induces violence. The research to which the Government
continues to refer has yielded no clear results. It is difficult therefore to
see why there is any need to prosecute individuals for looking at this material
in the privacy of their own homes<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8920850427843688264#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[7]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>;</span><span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: normal;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 57.6pt; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo3; tab-stops: list 57.6pt; text-indent: -21.6pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">It is
unclear why “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">extreme pornography”</i>
images should be criminalised, whereas written descriptions of “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">extreme pornography”</i> is not.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>There is no rational reason for treating
these categories of pornography differently;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: normal;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 57.6pt; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo3; tab-stops: list 57.6pt; text-indent: -21.6pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The
offence is aimed at private, rather than public, consideration of
pornography.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>When the European Court has
upheld the criminalisation of pornographic images previously, it was in a very
different context.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Muller</i>, the Court considered the
imposition of a fine on </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">the exhibitors of a public art exhibition.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The Court was influenced by the particularly
public context, namely the fact that the exhibition was free, had no age limit,
and that the public was actively encouraged to enter (at paragraph 36).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The offence under s.63 is very different, in
that it is aimed squarely at private consumption of images;</span><span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: normal;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 57.6pt; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo3; tab-stops: list 57.6pt; text-indent: -21.6pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The offence potentially criminalises acts that
do not cause harm (in contrast to </span><span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">the position in </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Brown v United Kingdom</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> (1997) 24 EHRR 39, in
which the European Court accepted that a prosecution for extreme
sado-masochistic acts, even though consensual, did not constitute a violation
of the defendants’ private life because the “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">sado-masochistic activities involved a significant degree of injury or
wounding which could not be characterised as trifling or transien</i>t”.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The offence under s.63 is capable of being
committed even where no physical ham or even risk of harm is involved;</span><span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: normal;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 57.6pt; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo3; tab-stops: list 57.6pt; text-indent: -21.6pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">g.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">As explained
above, the offence is insufficiently clear;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: normal;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 57.6pt; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo3; tab-stops: list 57.6pt; text-indent: -21.6pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">h.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">No
other Western country has introduced equivalent legislation.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 57.6pt; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo3; tab-stops: list 57.6pt; text-indent: -21.6pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">i.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">If
inhibition is necessary it can be achieved more effectively in other ways, for
example by industry self-regulation, blockage by service providers, and steps
taken in the home.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: normal;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">The
final submission is that the offence under Section 63 is not necessary in a
democratic society as no other equivalent member state of the Council of Europe
has introduced similar measures.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>We
submit that the policies of other member states are plainly relevant to whether
this measure is, in fact, necessary in a democratic society (see, by analogy, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Smith and Grady v United Kingdom (2000) 29
E.H.R.R. 493</i> at paragraphs 104-105). The offence of possession of extreme
pornography means that images that are perfectly legal in all other member
states of the Council of Europe are contrary to the criminal law of England and
Wales. There are particular dangers in;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">“haphazard and
unco-ordinated state regulation” </span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">in relation to <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">“the growth of cyberspace”</i> (see, by analogy, the American Libraries
case [1997] 969 F.Supp.160 <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ACLU v. Reno
(No.3) </i>[2000] 217 F.3d 162, at 168-169, and <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Michigan in Cyberspace Communications Inc. v. Engler </i>[1996] 55
F.Supp, 2d 737).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">Action Required</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">We
request that in light of our submissions that the Secretary of State for the
Home Department carries out a Human Rights Impact Assessment in relation to
Section 63 of the Criminal Justice and Immigration Act 2008. In the event that
the section fails the Human Rights Impact Assessment we request that this is
confirmed to us in writing so that proceedings can be issued by way of judicial
review by the Claimant who can then seek a Declaration of Incompatibility by
way of a Consent Order. This will allow the Secretary of State for the Home
Department to repeal Section 63 of the Criminal Justice & Immigration Act
2008 by use of the fast-track procedure under Section 10 of the Human Rights
Act 1998. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">We
further request that whilst the abovementioned is being carried out that the
Director of Public Prosecutions issues clear and sufficient guidance in respect
of when prosecutions under Section 63 of the Criminal Justice and Immigration
Act 200 will be commenced. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">Details of information sought and details of
documents sought<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">We
request that all relevant documentation is provided along with any advice
received by the Secretary of State for the Home Department in respect of any
Human Rights Impact Assessment which was conducted prior to the commencement of
Section 63 of the Criminal Justice and Immigration Act 2008.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">Address for Reply and Service of Documents<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">Please
reply to Mr Daniel Godden & Mr Myles Jackman of Hodge Jones & Allen
Solicitors LLP, 180 North Gower Street, London, NW1 2NB or DX 2101 Euston. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">Proposed Reply Date</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">We
look forward to hearing from you within fourteen days of the date of this
letter failing which we reserve the right to commence judicial review
proceedings without further recourse to you.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Proclaim">
<br /></div>
<div class="Proclaim">
<span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Yours sincerely <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Proclaim">
<br /></div>
<div class="Proclaim">
<br /></div>
<div class="Proclaim">
<br /></div>
<div class="Proclaim">
<br /></div>
<div class="Proclaim">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Daniel Godden <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="Proclaim">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Partner<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="ProclaimSignOff1">
<span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">For Hodge
Jones & Allen LLP<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ProclaimSignOff1">
<br /></div>
<div class="ProclaimSignOff1">
<br /></div>
<div class="ProclaimSignOff1">
<br /></div>
<div class="ProclaimSignOff1">
<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<div style="mso-element: footnote-list;">
<!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><br clear="all" />
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<!--[endif]-->
<div id="ftn1" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-top: .1pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8920850427843688264#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial;"> Although this exception does not apply to an extract
from a classified work that is of such a nature that it must reasonably be
assumed to have been extracted solely or principally for the purpose of sexual
arousal (s.64(3)).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn2" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-top: .1pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8920850427843688264#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial;">
http://www.cps.gov.uk/legal/d_to_g/extreme_pornography/#an04<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div id="ftn3" style="mso-element: footnote;">
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8920850427843688264#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial;"> http://www.cps.gov.uk/legal/user_guide/</span><o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn4" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-top: .1pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8920850427843688264#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
http://www.backlash-uk.org.uk/wp/?page_id=148<o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn5" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-top: .1pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8920850427843688264#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[5]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/7364475.stm<o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn6" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-top: .1pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8920850427843688264#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[6]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> <a href="http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/man-wrongly-charged-in-crown-prosecution-services-homophobic-witchhunt-8918508.html">http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/man-wrongly-charged-in-crown-prosecution-services-homophobic-witchhunt-8918508.html</a><o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn7" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-top: .1pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8920850427843688264#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[7]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
See the briefing paper, “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Extreme
Pornography”</i>, dated February 2014, at p.3 (available at <a href="http://www.google.co.uk/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=6&ved=0CE8QFjAF&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.parliament.uk%2Fbriefing-papers%2Fsn05078.pdf&ei=bwkhU6O9HpOYhQfY2IGgBA&usg=AFQjCNH5SWMqFfW6iXysHJTrjmXa8FEEKw&bvm=bv.62922401,d.ZG4">http://www.google.co.uk/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=6&ved=0CE8QFjAF&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.parliament.uk%2Fbriefing-papers%2Fsn05078.pdf&ei=bwkhU6O9HpOYhQfY2IGgBA&usg=AFQjCNH5SWMqFfW6iXysHJTrjmXa8FEEKw&bvm=bv.62922401,d.ZG4</a>
)<o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
</div>ObscenityLawyerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15652268259166107121noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8920850427843688264.post-56429473631810061242014-08-15T08:05:00.000-07:002015-04-30T12:38:17.775-07:00DOMINATRIX BEATS REGULATOR INTO SUBMISSION<script type="text/javascript">
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<b style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US">Dominatrix Beats Regulator
into Submission; </span></b><b style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US">Ofcom deliver judicious spanking to ATVOD</span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="layout-grid-mode: line; mso-fareast-font-family: "Apple LiGothic Medium";">“Dear Mr Johnson, You've been
rather a naughty boy, haven't you?”<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">State regulators are seldom challenged in such explicit terms. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Yet this is exactly how</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Apple LiGothic Medium";"> artist,
dominatrix and provocateur Ms </span><span style="background: white; color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Itziar Bilbao Urrutia</span><span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Apple LiGothic Medium";">responded when the <span style="layout-grid-mode: line;">Authority
for Television on Demand (ATVOD) had the temerity to suggest that her
fetish-themed website and art project The Urban Chick Supremacy Cell (UC-SC) was
in breach of their regulatory régime.</span></span><span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="layout-grid-mode: line; mso-fareast-font-family: "Apple LiGothic Medium";">In successfully challenging ATVOD’s authority, Urritia has delivered a
decisive blow for sexual liberties against the forces of repressive regulation
and state sanctioned censorship.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="layout-grid-mode: line; mso-fareast-font-family: "Apple LiGothic Medium";">The Urban Chick Supremacy Cell<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="layout-grid-mode: line; mso-fareast-font-family: "Apple LiGothic Medium";">The regulators were at a distinct disadvantage from the outset, since the
UC-SC website defies classification artistically and sexually, let alone legally.
A disclaimer on the site proclaims that is an “art project designed, produced and
created by real life dominant women,” wherein “all violence and speech are part
of a fictionalized dystopian Femdom fantasy”.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="layout-grid-mode: line; mso-fareast-font-family: "Apple LiGothic Medium";">Ms Urrutia deploys her subversive wit to deftly deconstruct male
fantasies of female domination with the revolutionary call to arms: “No
Goddess! No Mistress! No Corsets!” Instead, this traditional iconography is
replaced by a Baader-Meinhof inspired terrorist cell chic of bovver boots,
balaclavas and brutal bob haircuts. A newspaper cut and paste ransom note
typeface proclaims that the UC-SC have been: “Defeating Patriarchy at their own
game since 2010”. Men are referred to as “banker wankers” and reeducated in
feminist theory in the “Meat Dildo Abbatoir” by virtue of Valery Solanas’ SCUM
Manifesto that “males are emotional cripples”.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="layout-grid-mode: line; mso-fareast-font-family: "Apple LiGothic Medium";">Well, you <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">were</i> warned that the
UC-SC defied classification. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="layout-grid-mode: line; mso-fareast-font-family: "Apple LiGothic Medium";">It may be easier to let The Urban Chick Supremacy Cell website speak for
itself. It can be accessed via an appropriate disclaimer here: <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="layout-grid-mode: line; mso-fareast-font-family: "Apple LiGothic Medium";"><a href="http://uc-sc-femdom.com/5542disclaimer/">http://uc-sc-femdom.com/5542disclaimer/</a>
(NSFW)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="layout-grid-mode: line; mso-fareast-font-family: "Apple LiGothic Medium";">ATVOD<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="layout-grid-mode: line; mso-fareast-font-family: "Apple LiGothic Medium";">The infinitely duller <a href="http://www.atvod.co.uk/">ATVOD</a> website claims that: <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">“ATVOD is the independent co-regulator for the
editorial content of UK video on demand services that fall within the new
statutory definition of On Demand Programme Services.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div style="background: white; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Its duties and powers derive from the
Communications Act 2003, as amended by the <a href="http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2009/2979/contents/made"><span style="color: windowtext;">Audiovisual Media Services Regulations 2009</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>and the<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2010/419/contents/made"><span style="color: windowtext;">Audiovisual Media Services Regulations 2010</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>which came into force on 19 December
2009 and 18 March 2010 respectively. The Act confers functions on the Office of
Communications (Ofcom) for the regulation of On Demand Programme Services, and
gives Ofcom power to delegate certain functions to an appropriate regulatory
authority.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div style="background: white; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">On 18 March 2010, Ofcom delegated certain of its
functions and powers in relation to the regulation of On Demand Programme
Services to ATVOD by means of a formal designation”.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Yawn.<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> <o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
<div style="background: white; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="color: #252525; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">In this context an "on-demand" video is one that a
viewer can choose when they want to view, such as an iPlayer clip, rather than
a scheduled television broadcast.</span><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Nonetheless, ATVOD
claim that they have the legal authority to act as the official regulator and censor
for on-demand video content online; presuming that those videos were produced or
editorial control remained in this country and </span><span style="color: #252525; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">such “programmes”
are similar to those usually broadcast on television.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="color: #252525; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Thus it may seem surprising that a quango should want to pursue
a one woman, cottage industry, niche fetish video producer; since broadcast
television is sadly bereft of scheduled programmes featuring explicit strap-on
pornography.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="color: #252525; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">However, ATVOD benefit financially from on demand video services
by charging a “regulatory fee” from those who choose to comply. Hence having
gone after bigger adult industry players like Playboy TV, ATVOD seem to have
been reduced to pursuing women who produce female domination pornography. A
significant number of whom have closed their websites as a consequence.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #252525; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Censor driven Moral Panic<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div style="background: white; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="color: #252525; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Perhaps of greater concern is ATVOD’s view of itself as moral
guardian, since, ATVOD’s </span><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_executive_officer" title="Chief executive officer"><span style="background: white; color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Chief Executive</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background: white;"> </span></span><span style="background: white;">Pete Johnson has been quoted as saying that: </span><span style="color: #252525;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div style="background: white; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="background: white; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">“Asking visitors to a
website to click an ‘I am 18’ button or enter a date of birth or use a debit
card is not sufficient – if they are going to offer explicit sex material they
must know that their customers are 18, just as they would in the ‘offline’
world.” <o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div style="background: white; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="background: white; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">ATVOD believes that websites
should require the user to supply valid credit card details or other personal
information that can be cross-referenced with the electoral roll or another ID
database, thus establishing the user's identity.<span class="apple-converted-space"> <o:p></o:p></span></span></i></div>
<div style="background: white; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="background: white; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Failure by commercial
websites to obtain proof that the user is over 18 before allowing access to
adult content is considered by ATVOD to be a breach of the<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obscene_Publications_Act_1959" title="Obscene Publications Act 1959"><span style="background: white; color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Obscene Publications Act 1959</span></a><span style="background: white;">.<sup> </sup><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></span></i></div>
<div style="background: white; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="background: white; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Johnson also confirmed that
in the case of non-pay sites containing user-uploaded material it is the
uploader that is legally responsible rather than the service provider.</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #252525; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">”</span></i><span style="color: #252525; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">In reality this approach delegates responsibility for interpreting
parliamentary legislation, namely the Obscene Publications Act, onto financial
institutions such as banks and credit card processing companies who come with
their own moral and risk aversion to sexual services; rather than organs of the
state such as the Crown Prosecution Service who are responsible for drafting the
OPA Guidelines. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Hence this undesirable situation has been criticised by, amongst
others, The Open Rights Group who called for parliamentary scrutiny of ATVOD’s
private discussions with financial institutions, last year. To adopt </span><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Apple LiGothic Medium"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Ms
Urrutia’s turn of phrase, this means “banker wankers” can exert financial
censorship over consensual adult sexual expression.</span><span style="background: white; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Legal
Backlash against ATVOD<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Against this backdrop of regulatory and financial
censorship, </span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Apple LiGothic Medium";">Ms
Urrutia</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> received what she thought seemed an
unnecessarily threatening demand from ATVOD and hence immediately contacted sexual
liberties campaign <a href="http://www.backlash-uk.org.uk/">Backlash</a>, for whom I provide pro-bono legal advice. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Backlash agreed to fund a barrister specialising in telecommunications
regulatory challenges, Ligia Osepciu at Monckton Chambers, to provide provisional
advice. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Along with my colleague Daniel
Godden, a partner at Hodge Jones and Allen solicitors; and in collaboration
with </span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Apple LiGothic Medium";">Ms
Urrutia; we were able to </span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">draft ripostes to
ATVOD’s correspondence.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Unsurprisingly ATVOD returned a determination against the UC-SC, so
Ligia drafted the following request to Ofcom to appeal ATVOD’s decision:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">REQUEST FOR APPEAL OF
ATVOD’S DETERMINATION THAT THE PROVIDER OF THE ON DEMAND PROGRAMME SERVICE “THE
URBAN CHICK SUPREMACY CELL” WAS IN BREACH OF ATVOD’S RULES 1 & 4 AND THEREBY
CONTRAVENED SECTION 368BA AND 368D(3)(ZA) OF THE COMMUNICATIONS ACT 2003</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Although we were fully prepared to judicially review Ofcom’s
decision, our appeal was successful. However, frustratingly, we were embargoed
from reporting or discussing that outcome. Until today. Now that Ofcom have
published the <a href="https://www.blogger.com/"><span id="goog_107794292"></span>decision<span id="goog_107794293"></span></a> on their website, we are finally free to disseminate
this information in public.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Taking the Piss Out
of the Regulator <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">I feel the final the final words should be Ms Urrutia’s (who
is </span><span style="background: white; color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">about become
PhD candidate</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span lang="EN-US">at Birmingham
University, partly due to her UC-SC project).<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hence what follows is her hilarious deconstruction of
ATVOD’s attempt to critique her art project. You are welcome to skip to the
end, but you will miss her spectacularly taking the piss out of the censor’s
attempts to understand Duchamp’s Urinal.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Apple LiGothic Medium";">“First
of all, the artist and creator of the UC-SC project, Ms Itziar Bilbao Urrutia,
would like to thank ATVOD and in particular, Peter Johnson, for attempting a
critical challenge to the relevance of my work in relation to other
contemporary art practices, both contemporary (Relational Art, as I will
explain below), and historical (as is Duchamp's Urinal). I'm flattered that
institutions outside the art world, such as ATVOD, acknowledge that art has an
impact in our culture. Proof that, contrary to the views of its detractors,
contemporary art practices play a critical role in society. Last but not least,
I welcome the chance to explain my current ongoing project, The Urban Chick Supremacy
Cell – UC-SC, and its place within art history, and in particular, how it
engages with contemporary art discourses.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Apple LiGothic Medium";">“In
this case, regardless of the intention behind the website, it does from the
user’s perspective contain many of the trappings of more “mainstream” femdom
sites:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>there is a standard listing of
fetish categories such as ‘bondage’, ‘strapon’, ‘humiliation’ and
‘watersports’. ATVOD acknowledges that the service also includes features such
as blogs and still images. However, the non-audio visual elements of the
service appear to be ancillary to the provision of the programmes available.
The content also features on its own Clips4Sale Studio, a standard outlet for
pornography; the site advertises reviews with the line ‘what the top porn sites
and blogs say about UC-SC’, and features links to adult sites such as ‘Lady
Sonia’ and ‘The British Institution’. “</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Apple LiGothic Medium";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Apple LiGothic Medium";">My project and Femdom
adult content website, The Urban Chick Supremacy Cell, is indeed a “real” adult
website, that offers real adult content, to real adults, subject to real
payment in real currency. It is not a simulacrum in any way of form, nor a
representation. As an example of relational art, as formulated by French art
critic Nicolas Bourriaud in this seminal 1998 text <i>Estetique Relationelle –
Relational Aesthetics </i>(Les Presses Du Reel, 1998). You can read more about
Relational Art, here:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relational_art<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Apple LiGothic Medium";">That
is an essential feature of Relational Art that sets it apart form more
traditional formats: the complete blurring of boundaries between the
representation and the object represented. My website is a real adult website,
but it also a work of art, operating at several different levels, from the
erotic to the theoretical and critical (such as its participating on current
feminist debate).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Apple LiGothic Medium";">According
to Bourriaud:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<i><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Apple LiGothic Medium";">“relational art
produces human relations”</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Apple LiGothic Medium";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Apple LiGothic Medium";">As the UC-SC project
clearly does.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Apple LiGothic Medium";">Also (from the
Wikipedia link above):<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Apple LiGothic Medium";">“The
artwork creates a social environment in which people come together to participate
in a shared activity. Bourriaud claims "the role of artworks is no longer
to form imaginary and utopian realities, but to actually be ways of living and
models of action within the existing real, whatever scale chosen by the
artist.”</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Apple LiGothic Medium";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Apple LiGothic Medium";">In
Relational art, the audience is envisaged as a community. Rather than the
artwork being an encounter between a viewer and an object, relational art
produces intersubjective encounters. Through these encounters, meaning is
elaborated collectively, rather than in the space of individual
consumption.”</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Apple LiGothic Medium";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Apple LiGothic Medium";">So
my website does indeed create a real experience, not a simulacrum of an
experience, because it certainly not a simulacrum of an adult website. It has
to be real, to give the viewer the opportunity to engage in the “human
relation” that Bourriaud writes about. Therefore, it is fully usable by the
public, who actively interact with the artwork in ways that link to real life
and the real world, away form the conventions of simulacra or “representation”
of more traditional art. It blurs the boundaries between the object represented
and the piece of art, because they need to be both the same thing, to take the
artwork away form the traditional passive role as an artifact to be merely
contemplated by an individual viewer. Relational artists create art pieces that
are meant to be participatory.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Apple LiGothic Medium";">“<i>To
look at the service as a whole, and its purpose, we understand that the
intention may be that the Service is primarily an art project. (...) You refer
to Duchamp’s “Urinal”, for instance, but if that urinal had been used as a
urinal, this may have affected perception of its ‘purpose’.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It is also possible that a website made
available on the open internet does not perform the same role or have the same
purpose as a website displayed in a public gallery (as you say this website has
been)”.</i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Apple LiGothic Medium";">You
reply to your suggestion that Duchamp's urinal would be read very differently,
and probably cease being perceived as a work of art, if it was reverted to its
original use, is a classic argument one hears among first year art
undergraduates. Duchamp's urinal, first on foremost, has been urinated on many
times over the years, the last one by Chinese performance artists and art
saboteurs Cai Yuan and JJ Xi <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>at
Tate Modern: http://www.global-contemporary.de/en/artists/53-cai-yuan-a-jian-xi-.
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Apple LiGothic Medium";">This
act didn't change the piece's status as one of the 20th Century's seminal works
of art that enabled future generations among which I count myself, to ponder
and explore in our work the boundaries and the nature of art. If anything, it
proves its ongoing relevance as art. Despite the “defiling”, and I presume that
after being wiped clean by senior conservation experts and art restorers, it is
still being exhibited at Tate Modern.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Apple LiGothic Medium";">Yes,
my website and art project, UC-SC does indeed serve a practical, or as I prefer
to call it, interactive purpose of enabling adults to access videos and photo
galleries that function at different level: from an erotic narrative within the
conventions of traditional pornography, to a serious reflection within current
debates in contemporary art (see again Bourriaud). It's also an ongoing
response to concerns within the current feminist debate. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Apple LiGothic Medium";">Even
though Oscar Wilde claimed that “all art is ultimately useless”, 100-odd years
after him, current contemporary discourse acknowledges that the artwork can and
often has more than one function. Being utilitarian, user-friendly, or
interactive, are indeed options asidiously explored by the later generations of
artists, among which I count myself. That it can be used, enjoyed, and
participated on in more ways than the traditional artwork/viewer found
traditionally in art museums and galleries, is one of the basis of much XXIst
Century contemporary art. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Apple LiGothic Medium";">A
perfect example is John Frankland's public art work “Boulder”:
(http://www.peeruk.org/projects/frankland/john-frankland.html), two granite
boulders set on two London parks, that can and are, indeed, regularly used by
climbers, just as any boulder found in nature would. A perfect example of the
“interactiveness” of contemporary art and how being “the real thing” doesn't
stop it from being also an important piece of public art.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Apple LiGothic Medium";">You
say “that you claimed the website has been exhibited at art galleries”. Here is
a link to the exhibition Genealogies of Spanish Feminist Art, shown at MUSAC
(Museo de Arte Contemporaneo de Castilla y Leon), in 2012 (</span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://genealogiasfeministas.net/itziar-bilbao-urrutia/"><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Apple LiGothic Medium";">http://genealogiasfeministas.net/itziar-bilbao-urrutia/</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Apple LiGothic Medium";">), and
curated by Spanish at critic Juan Vicente Aliaga. This detail is just
anecdotal. Perhaps because I am an artist and not a civil servant, I believe
that an art work stands by itself, and doesn't need institutions, nor anybody
else, to validate it. However, I pointed at that link to assure you that I am
not the only person who recognizes my project The Urban Chick Supremacy Cell -
UC-SC , as a piece of contemporary art, and what's more part of a Genealogy (or
tradition) of Spanish feminist art.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Apple LiGothic Medium";">With
all this, I am only replying to your suggestion that there is only one use and
purpose to my UC-SC project, the erotic, and that it invalidates any other
purposes, intentions or discourses in it. I am very proud of my project,
precisely because it works at many levels and I dispute that the possibility
that it<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>might be sexually arousing<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>for some viewers, invalidates its artistic
purpose or value. The history of art is full of pieces that were considered too
sexually explicit or erotic for public view and as we know, what constitutes
pornographic is firmly tied to its time, place and specific culture.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="layout-grid-mode: line; mso-fareast-font-family: "Apple LiGothic Medium";">It is with sadness that I must turn to more mundane
matters. My principal purpose is NOT the provision of programmes. It is to
showcase artistic talent, within a distinct political orientation. Now that the
technology to both create and distribute videos has democratised conveying
artistic concepts for sharing and exchange within communities of interest as
Recital 21 puts it, representing this through online videos is a natural way to
give expression to these artistic talents. It is why YouTube is so successful.
After artistic & political motives, the provision of programmes is merely a
means to an end, and certainly not my principal purpose.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="layout-grid-mode: line; mso-fareast-font-family: "Apple LiGothic Medium";">I fear you are allowing your personal tastes to
influence your judgment. A problem with Authority down the ages.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="layout-grid-mode: line; mso-fareast-font-family: "Apple LiGothic Medium";">Mind you, I sympathise with your predicament. Rebuffed
in your attempts to regulate the bigger boys, like Murdoch, you need to find
some rationale to renew your contract, and what better and more defenceless
target than one person efforts with an adult perspective like those of mine and
my milieu. After all, you have nothing to lose. Nothing happens to you if Ofcom
knock you back. You face no sanctions.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>ObscenityLawyerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15652268259166107121noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8920850427843688264.post-7570888753036611062013-10-15T03:09:00.000-07:002015-04-30T12:39:43.817-07:00WORDS OF CAUTION<script type="text/javascript">
window.location = "http://mylesjackman.com/index.php/my-blog/103-words-of-caution";
</script>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; margin-bottom: 3pt; text-align: center;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Should activities that are illegal to perform
in real-life, such as the distribution of Class A drugs, be illegal to write
about in a fictional context where no actual harm is caused?</span></i><b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; margin-bottom: 3pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">“WHSmith's vile trade in
online rape porn,” proclaimed the <a href="http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2456651/WHSmiths-vile-trade-online-rape-porn-Bookseller-apologises-sales-sick-ebooks-revealed.html">Mail on Sunday in an expose</a> of the retailer’s
website, which appears to have accidentally allowed adult content ebooks to have
come up in searches for children’s material. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">Whilst that website clearly
signalled that the ebooks in question were fictional material of an adult nature,
the content of those ebooks is alleged to include themes of rape, incest and
bestiality. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">Clearly this raises complex
issues regarding the depiction of sexual fantasies, the written word and evidence
of actual harm. Yet what is the precise law in this delicate area?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">The Mail article states that “anyone breaching the Obscene
Publications Act 1969 faces up to three years in prison”. This is inaccurate.
<a href="http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/Eliz2/7-8/66/contents">The Obscene Publications Act <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">1959</i></a>
might apply. The maximum sentence available under the OPA is now five years, as
amended by <a href="http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2008/4/section/71">section 71 of the Criminal Justice and Immigration Act 2008</a>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The article continues by stating that: “the Ministry of Justice
said the retailers would be liable for prosecution if a judge deemed that the
ebooks breached the Obscene Publications Act”.<span class="apple-converted-space"> This is also inaccurate. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span class="apple-converted-space"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A prosecutor at the Crown
Prosecution Service must apply <a href="http://www.cps.gov.uk/publications/code_for_crown_prosecutors/codetest.html">two tests</a>. Firstly they “must </span></span><span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">be satisfied that there is
sufficient evidence to provide a realistic prospect of conviction”. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Secondly, they “must go on
to consider whether a prosecution is required in the public interest”. Only
then might a defendant be charged with an offence under the OPA and therefore
appear before a Judge.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">Perhaps most surprisingly though, the article goes
on to quote </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">our National Crime Agency saying: “there is a need to think about
criminalising the paedophilic written word”. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Yet such a law already exists. The Court of Appeal’s decision in
the case of <a href="http://www.bailii.org/cgi-bin/markup.cgi?doc=/ew/cases/EWCA/Crim/2012/398.html&query=r+and+v+and+gs&method=boolean">R v GS (2012)</a> extends criminal liability under the OPA 1959 to
written text, irrespective of whether they are clearly “</span><a href="" name="para2"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">fantasy and not a reference to real events</span></a><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">”. </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Hence written works of fantasy may
attract criminal liability if they satisfy the <a href="http://www.cps.gov.uk/legal/l_to_o/obscene_publications/index.html">CPS’ Guidelines on the OPA</a>. The
Guidelines state that: “</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">the categories of material most commonly prosecuted [<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">include</i>] </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">sexual act with an animal [<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">and</i>]
realistic portrayals of rape”.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">However, it is essential to note that it is unclear from the Mail’s
article whether the writers have actually read any of the ebooks in question. I
certainly have not. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Therefore any further analysis of who might be prosecuted under
the OPA would be pure speculation.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Nonetheless, the Mail writers acknowledge that the “rape”
fantasy ebooks “use a cynical caveat claiming that the sex is between
consenting adults”. Hence, if the characters consent, how can it possibly be
“rape” let alone a “realistic portrayal of rape”?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Likewise, the Mail article notes that the “incest” fantasy
ebooks include sexual acts which “take place between non-blood relations,” so
how could this amount to incest?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Furthermore, it is important to remember that actual rape,
incest and bestiality are criminal offences under the <a href="http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2003/42/contents">Sexual Offences Act 2003</a>.
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Yet, confusingly, the CPS’ Guidelines on the OPA also include
depictions of “bondage” and “fisting” which are activities that are legal to
perform in real life.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hence this raises complicated questions regarding the role of
sexual fantasy and the<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">nature of harm. </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">With
written text fantasies, no individual is harmed. Certainly no words are harmed.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">However, should activities that are illegal to perform in
real-life, such as the distribution of Class A drugs, also be illegal to write
about in a fictional context?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Likewise can we accept that sexual fantasy may explore the
darker recesses of human nature, without resulting in any actual harm in
real-life?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">For example, whilst
apparently searching for a link between “pornographic” material and actual
sexual offending, </span><a href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/bsp/hi/pdfs/30_08_05_porn_doc.pdf"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">The 2005 Home Office Consultation</span></a><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> “<span style="background: white;">On the possession of
extreme pornographic material” stated:</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 15.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 15.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">“As to evidence of harm, conducting research in
this area is complex. We do not yet have sufficient evidence from which to draw
any definite conclusions as to the likely long term impact of this kind of
material on individuals generally”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 15.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 15.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">By comparison</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-22803502"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">The Ministry of Justice</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="background: white;">criminal policy unit recently stated with reference to
simulated images of “rape” that: <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 15.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 15.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">"We have no evidence to show that the
creation of staged rape images involves any harm to the participants or causes
harm to society at large”.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 15.0pt; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 10.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">Certainly
the current cycle of concern about the nature and role of pornography in
society could be argued to have the characteristics of a moral panic. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 15.0pt; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 10.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">There
is a definite similarity to the 1980’s moral panic about so-called
“video-nasties” which also had salacious titles like “Cannibal Holocaust” and
“I Spit On Your Grave”.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 15.0pt; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 10.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">Both
panics feature relatively new technologies that allow access to potentially
adult themed content in the home (ebooks now and video then), the ramifications
of which are not fully comprehended at the time. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 15.0pt; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 10.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">Since
these new technologies challenge the State’s ability to censor and control information,
there is often a call in certain quarters to regulate, censor and prosecute.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 15.0pt; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 10.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">We
can see this trend in the current cycle with regards to David Cameron’s call to
criminalise simulated “rape” pornography; and the Association of Television on
Demand (ATVOD’s) attempt to control pornographic material on the internet.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">So have we returned to books as a form of prohibited
content? Under this regime of censorship where do </span><span style="background: #F9F9F9; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Procopius
of Caesarea’s Secret History, De Sade’s 120 Days of Sodom or Nabokov’s Lolita
stand? Let alone actual abuse memoirs, the works of Shakespeare or the Bible.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Thus the question arises as to who
guards our moral guardians as, by raising awareness of this issue by publishing
the information in the article, might the Mail itself might be at risk of
prosecution for publication under the OPA as well?</span><span style="background: #F9F9F9; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>ObscenityLawyerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15652268259166107121noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8920850427843688264.post-74275197304498633742013-08-14T04:41:00.000-07:002015-04-30T12:42:19.695-07:00Government to "get to grips" with Rape-Porn<script type="text/javascript">
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<b style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #454545; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 13.5pt;">1. What
are the Government proposing in relation to pornography containing simulated
rape?</span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #454545; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 13.5pt;">In a<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="https://www.gov.uk/government/speeches/the-internet-and-pornography-prime-minister-calls-for-action"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 13.5pt;">speech to the NSPCC</span></a></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #454545; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 13.5pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #454545; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 13.5pt;">on
the 22<sup>nd</sup><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>July 2013
Prime Minister David Cameron stated t</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 13.5pt;">hat pornography that
depicts simulated rape “normalise(s) sexual violence against women,"
despite the absence of any evidence proving such a causal link.</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #454545; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 13.5pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 13.5pt;">By
way of contrast</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 13.5pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-22803502"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 13.5pt;">The Ministry of Justice</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 13.5pt;"> <span style="background: white;">criminal policy unit had previously stated that:</span><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><span style="background: white;">"we
have no evidence to show that the creation of staged rape images involves any
harm to the participants or causes harm to society at large”.</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #454545; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 13.5pt;">Nonetheless, the Department for Culture Media and Sport then
released a paper on the 30<sup>th</sup><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>July
2013 entitled<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/225783/Connectivity_Content_and_Consumers_2013.pdf"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 13.5pt;">Connectivity, Content and
Consumers</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #454545; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 13.5pt;">, which stated that: “we are also closing a
loophole in the Criminal Justice and Immigration Act 2008, so that it is a
criminal offence to possess extreme pornography that depicts rape”.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #454545; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 13.5pt;">It is important to note that “rape-pornography” as defined by
the Government would only apply to consensual, simulated, fantasy material.
Therefore the possession of an image capturing an actual rape, for example CCTV
footage, would not be illegal; but a “make believe” image created by and for
consenting adults would be open to prosecution.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #454545; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 13.5pt;">2. How do
the Government's proposals fit in with the law on the possession of extreme
pornography?</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #454545; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 13.5pt;">In brief: they don’t. According to the CPS’ Guidance the
elements of the offence can be found<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://www.cps.gov.uk/legal/d_to_g/extreme_pornography/#an03"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 13.5pt;">here</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #454545; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 13.5pt;">;
and according to<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2008/4/section/63"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 13.5pt;">section 63 (7) of the
CJIA 2008</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #454545; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 13.5pt;">, such an image must be “<i>explicit and
realistic</i>”. It would seem inconceivable for a consensually created adult
image depicting a<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><i>simulated</i><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>act to be considered “<i>realistic</i>”.
Thus the attempt to shoehorn the rape-porn amendment into s63 would seem to be
defeated by the existing legislation’s “realistic” test.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #454545; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 13.5pt;">The “realistic” test was applied in the test case trial of R v
Webster, where the defendant was charged with possession of “fake-snuff”
pornography; in which the same performer demonstrated a Lazarus-like
resurrection ability to die seven times subject to different make-up, wardrobe
and location changes. An expert witness for the defence called the images “less<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><i>realistic</i><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>than the average British soap-opera”.
The jury found the defendant Not Guilty.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #454545; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 13.5pt;">3. Could
the criminalisation of such images be open to challenge and on what grounds?</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #454545; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 13.5pt;">There
may be scope for both: judicial review and legislative challenges based on
Articles 8, 9 and 10 of the European Convention on Human Rights (</span><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 13.5pt;">the rights to respect private life; freedom of thought,
conscience and belief; and freedom of expression); as well as challenging the
vagueness of the law. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 13.5pt;">Please watch this space for further updates.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #454545; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 13.5pt;">4. What
does this development tell us about the Government's approach to pornography?</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #454545; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 13.5pt;">Like the police; prosecutors; the judiciary; and even defence
solicitors, it would seem that the Government do not understand either
pornography or the global nature of the Internet. It would appear that the
Government have attempted to use rape-porn and internet filtering as a
smokescreen to distract voters from more pressing issues like: poverty,
austerity, immigration, privacy and surveillance.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #454545; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 13.5pt;">The fact that Claire Perry and others have suggested Internet
filtering as a solution to the availability of pornography, along with “eating
disorder” websites and other “esoteric material”; all under the aegis of child
protection, rather than education, discussion and parental responsibility;
suggests that the Government saw this as a quick fix measure. The growing
opposition to these measures suggests that these propositions will not be as
easy to pass as the Government may have anticipated.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #454545; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 13.5pt;">5. What
are your predictions for the future?</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #454545; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 13.5pt;">The Prime Minster has already suggested that not only will
pornography be filtered, but so will “self-harm” material; which is both a
dangerous conflation and an indication of the prohibitionist tendency within
Government. Furthermore, I also anticipate a deliberate crack down on text
based fantasy material in line with the decision in the case of<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://www.bailii.org/cgi-bin/markup.cgi?doc=/ew/cases/EWCA/Crim/2012/398.html&query=r+and+v+and+gs&method=boolean"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 13.5pt;">R v GS [2012]</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #454545; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 13.5pt;">;
prohibiting consenting adults from discussing their sexual fantasies in
recorded text form.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: 'Arial,Italic'; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: 'Arial,Italic'; font-size: 10pt;">This article was first published on Lexis®PSL Crime on 13 August 2013.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US"><o:p><span style="font-family: 'Arial,Italic'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span> </o:p></span></div>
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</div>ObscenityLawyerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15652268259166107121noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8920850427843688264.post-59760519264389124132013-06-20T10:15:00.000-07:002015-04-30T12:40:53.301-07:00Keir Starmer's Obscene Solution<script type="text/javascript">
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<h1 style="background: white; mso-line-height-alt: 12.0pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.0pt; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Today the Director of Public Prosecutions
issued “</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.0pt; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-size: 33.5pt;">Guidelines on prosecuting
cases involving communications sent via social media” <a href="http://www.cps.gov.uk/legal/a_to_c/communications_sent_via_social_media/index.html">here</a>.<o:p></o:p></span></h1>
<h1 style="background: white; mso-line-height-alt: 12.0pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14pt; font-weight: normal;">They arrived after a consultation period, including
round-table discussions with the DPP. I attended the discussion for legal
professionals.</span></h1>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14pt;">I asked two questions:</span></div>
<h3 style="background: white; line-height: 14.4pt; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 14.4pt;"><br /></span></h3>
<h3 style="background: white; line-height: 14.4pt; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 14.4pt;">How
would “indecent” and “obscene” be defined, interpreted and therefore applied?</span></h3>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14pt;">The first question has been answered by the today’s
guidelines. I’ll be brief. They haven’t been defined at all. Simples.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 6.0pt;">In avoiding defining “indecent” the guidelines refer
to a case that states that: ‘indecent or grossly offensive’ - “were said to be
ordinary English words”. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 6.0pt;">This is factually accurate. The words ‘Indecent or
grossly offensive’ are indeed words. As are the words “deeply unhelpful”.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 6.0pt;">The Google definition of “indecent” is: “n</span><span style="background: white; color: #212121; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">ot conforming with generally accepted
standards of behaviour or propriety; obscene”. We’re not getting much further.</span><span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 6.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 6.0pt;">Could “indecent” be interpreted as akin to the
offences of possessing (abusive) “indecent images of children” or “outraging
the public decency”?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 6.0pt;">Infuriatingly, the guidelines give no indication whatsoever.
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 6.0pt;">This is a serious problem as, without such clarity, citizens
are unable to moderate behaviour in order to abide by law.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 6.0pt;">Perhaps we need further guidelines to clarify this?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">The second
question was:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Would the Obscene Publications Act
case of R v GS be applied as an alterative?</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 33.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">The guidelines do not address this issue at all. They do
not have to. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 33.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">This omission concerns me very deeply. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 33.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">I have blogged about the implications of R v GS before
(as well as publishing the full judgment) <a href="http://obscenitylawyer.blogspot.co.uk/2012/07/no-words-were-harmed-in-writing-this.html">here</a>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 33.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">To explain: </span><span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">the
Court of Appeal decided that private fantasy one-to-one text chat (on the
internet) counts as “publication” under the OPA. </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 33.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 20.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 20.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">So
what does that mean for me?<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 20.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 20.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Sending a private message (for
example a DM on twitter, email or MSN chat message); intended solely for a
single recipient (sent in good faith with the expectation that no-one else will
see the contents); about an “obscene” sexual act (for example fisting, an act
which is legal to perform); which is purely a fantasy (in the sense that it is
an expression of a desire); rather than a statement of an intention to perform
that act - means you could be sent to prison. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 20.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Sound like thought crime to
you, too?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 20.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 20.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 20.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Okay,
so tell me what I can’t talk about.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 20.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.0pt;">The
OPA guidelines state that </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">the categories of material most
commonly prosecuted include:</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 15.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-line-height-alt: 10.0pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-line-height-alt: 10.0pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-line-height-alt: 10.0pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">1) <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 6.0pt;">Sexual act with an animal.</span></i><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 6.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 20.0pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 20.0pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Nice starter. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 20.0pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 20.0pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">However, as
animals cannot consent at law I would have have no issue with this, if we were talking about images.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 20.0pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 20.0pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><b>2) <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Realistic portrayals of rape.</i><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 20.0pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Problematic. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 20.0pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">If it said images of “rape” I’d be in absolute
agreement.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 20.0pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">However “realistic portrayals of rape”
suggests simulation, role-play and acting. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">This raises the question of evidence of
harm to both performers and viewers.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 20.0pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 20.0pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">However, as I discussed those issues in
detail in yesterday’s blog, <a href="http://obscenitylawyer.blogspot.co.uk/2013/06/is-rape-porn-cultural-harm-argument.html">here</a>, I won’t repeat myself. Please draw your own
conclusions. </span><br />
<span style="line-height: 20pt;"><br /></span>
<span style="line-height: 20pt;">Yet, if we're talking about text, then I'd disagree, especially since there are no performers.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 20.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><b>3)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Sadomasochistic
material which goes beyond trifling and transient infliction of injury.<o:p></o:p></i></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 20.0pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 20.0pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Ah, R v Brown
my old nemesis, we meet again.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 20.0pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Brown states
that individuals cannot consent to injuries “</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">beyond trifling
and transient” in a sexual context. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">The CPS now defines
this level of injury as: “</span><span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 6.0pt;">significant
medical intervention and/or permanent effects”.</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 20.0pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Whilst I fundamentally disagree with
Brown on the basis that I find it a paternalistic, homophobic and arcane
decision from another age by the Lords; </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">I acknowledge, with extreme regret, that it is still currently binding
law.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">However, when it comes to text, again I cannot see any evidence to suggest anyone is harmed by the words (no performers) and therefore see no criminal mischief.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><b>4)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Torture with instruments.<o:p></o:p></i></b></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 20.0pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">If this means images of torture in the Guantanamo
Bay or Al Quaeda beheading sense of the word, then I fully support this. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 20.0pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 20.0pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">However, given that obscenity is
constructed in the context of this list, to be exclusively sexual, somehow I doubt
it.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 20.0pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 20.0pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Therefore my questions are: what amounts
to “torture” in a sexual context and what is meant by “instruments”?<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 20.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><b>5)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Bondage
(especially where gags are used with no apparent means of withdrawing consent).<o:p></o:p></i></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 20.0pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 20.0pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Bondage is
obscene? <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 20.0pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Like,
seriously? <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 20.0pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">6)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Dismemberment or graphic mutilation; </i></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 20.0pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">I have no issue with the inclusion of
“dismemberment” images. Fantasy text is a different matter.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 20.0pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 20.0pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">I want to know what the hell constitutes
“graphic mutilation”? <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 20.0pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 20.0pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">How about images of female genital
mutilation? If so, then I’m down with prohibiting that. That’s clearly abusive
and non-consensual.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 20.0pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 20.0pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">However, I suspect that the emphasis is
on consensual sexual activities like “needle-play” (temporary piercing, by the
insertion of sterile surgical needles into the skin) and “blood play”
(similarly, cutting the top layer of skin), irrespective of whether they are
performed with safety and risk awareness.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 20.0pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 20.0pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">If I’m correct, this seems like an
unnecessary repetition of sadomasochistic material and torture with instruments
provisions above.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 20.0pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 20.0pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Nonetheless, it also calls into question
the legal status of permanent piercings and body modification like nipple rings
or tattoos. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 20.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 20.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><b>7)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Activities
involving perversion or degradation <o:p></o:p></i></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 20.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">(such as drinking urine, urination or vomiting on to
the body, or excretion or use of excreta).</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span></i><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 20.0pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 20.0pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">All these activities are legal to
perform in real-life. With consent.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 20.0pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 20.0pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Yet they are classified as “perversion”
and “degradation”. Sigh.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 20.0pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 20.0pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><b>8)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Fisting.</i></b></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 15.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 33.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">Likewise, humble fisting (both vaginal and anal) is
legal to perform in real-life. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 33.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">Yet the representation thereof is illegal. </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14pt;">So why is it compared to bestiality?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 33.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">Yes, despite the jury finding Micheal Peacock not
guilty in his #ObscenityTrial, the guidelines haven’t been updated since. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 33.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">Oh well, whatever, nevermind.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 33.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">What if I
make it clear that I’m writing a fantasy?<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 33.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">Sorry. No. That’s the whole point of R v GS. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 33.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">It criminalises not only the written word, but
fantasy.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 33.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">I’m
concerned, what can I do to avoid prosecution?<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 33.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">You’re fine having a private one-to-one conversation
in person. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 33.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">The moment you transmit that conversation as data by,
for example: text message; email; DM on twitter; private message on facebook;
MSN, Yahoo or Skype text messenger, IRC, Chatroom you’re in trouble.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 33.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">How can I do
something to clarify this situation?<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 33.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">Please feel free to write a (non-obscene) suggestion
on the back of a postcard, addressed to:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14pt;"><b>The
Director of Public Prosecutions,</b></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14pt;"><b>The Crown Prosecution Service, </b></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14pt;">Rose
Court, </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14pt;">2
Southwark Bridge,</span><span class="apple-converted-space" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></b></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14pt;">London, </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14pt;">SE1
9HS.</span></b></div>
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<br /></div>ObscenityLawyerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15652268259166107121noreply@blogger.com7tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8920850427843688264.post-60275038595328917642013-06-18T22:45:00.000-07:002015-04-30T12:43:20.027-07:00Is the rape porn cultural harm argument another rape myth?<script type="text/javascript">
window.location = "http://mylesjackman.com/index.php/my-blog/100-is-the-rape-porn-cultural-harm-argument-another-rape-myth";
</script>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt;">“Myths arise from people's need to
make sense of acts that are senseless, violent or disturbing. They
attempt to explain events, like rape and abuse, in ways that fit with our
preconceived ideas about the world - they arise from and reinforce our
prejudices and stereotypes”.</span></div>
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<span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Crown
Prosecution Service Guidance on</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://www.cps.gov.uk/legal/p_to_r/rape_and_sexual_offences/societal_myths/"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Rape Myths</span></a></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span><span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(Chapter 21)</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Times; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(</span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://geekfeminism.wikia.com/wiki/Trigger_warning"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Trigger Warning</span></a></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span><span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">– This article contains
frank discussion of simulated adult consensual rape fantasy pornography)</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Times; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">As a criminal defence lawyer I
believe that the rates for reporting, attrition and conviction in cases of</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2003/42/section/1"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">rape</span></a></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span><span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">bring shame on our
criminal justice system.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Times; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">As an activist I have attempted to
redress this by campaigning to increase rape-crisis centre funding; and
supporting the</span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://slutmeansspeakup.org.uk/"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> London Slutwalk</span></a></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span><span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(the anti
victim-blaming marches) by acting as a</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://netpol.org/monitoring/legal-observers/"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">legal observer</span></a></span><span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hence I appreciate that any
discussion of rape issues will inevitably raise powerful emotions.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Times; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">As a specialist in obscenity law,
having represented</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R_v_Peacock"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Micheal Peacock</span></a></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span><span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">in his</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/law/2012/jan/06/obscenity-trial-law-digital-age"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">#ObscenityTrial</span></a></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span><span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">under the</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/Eliz2/7-8/66/section/1"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Obscene Publications Act
1959</span></a></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span><span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">and</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/london-life/simon-walsh-how-bodged-arrest-and-profoundly-damaging-false-charges-have-ruined-my-city-hall-career-8046087.html"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Simon Walsh</span></a></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span><span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">in his</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/law/2012/aug/08/extreme-porn-trial-simon-walsh"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">#PornTrial </span></a></span><span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">under the “</span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Section_63_of_the_Criminal_Justice_and_Immigration_Act_2008"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">extreme pornography</span></a></span><span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">” legislation in the</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2008/4/part/5/crossheading/pornography-etc"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Criminal Justiceand
Immigration Act 2008</span></a></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span><span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(both of which featured images of consensual adult
sexual activity) I acknowledge that certain sexual fantasies or depictions may
feel disgusting to some readers and viewers, regardless that they are
consensual.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Times; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Evidence of harm</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Times; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">So it is with mixed emotions that I
embark on a critique of recent proposals by a coalition including</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://www.endviolenceagainstwomen.org.uk/data/files/Letter_to_PM_to_ban_rape_porn_7th_June_2013_original_to_PM.pdf"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Rape Crisis South London</span></a></span><span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://www.endviolenceagainstwomen.org.uk/data/files/Closing_the_loophole_on_rape_pornography.pdf"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">End Violence Against
Women</span></a></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span><span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">and Professors</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="https://www.dur.ac.uk/law/staff/stafflist/?id=429"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Clare McGlynn</span></a></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span><span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">and</span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://www.dur.ac.uk/law/staff/stafflist/?id=3607"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> Erika Rackley</span></a></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span><span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">of</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://www.endviolenceagainstwomen.org.uk/data/files/Criminalising_Extreme_Porn_Briefing.pdf"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">The University of Durham</span></a></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span><span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">to extend criminal
liability for the possession of</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b0213yg9"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">“staged”</span></a></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span><span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">or “simulated”
consensual adult rape-fantasies based on the assertion that:</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Times; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">“Sexual violence as a
form of entertainment causes a huge cultural harm to our society”.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Times; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">This argument acknowledges that there
is no evidence of a causal link between viewing consensual adult rape-fantasies
and the commission of non-consensual sexual offences such as rape.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Times; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The campaign briefing from Rape
Crisis South London in support of a change in the law expressly states that:</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Times; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">“Direct links between
‘regular’ pornography and sexual violence have been scientifically difficult to
quantify”.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Times; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The Rackley and McGlynn legal
briefing also states:</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Times; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">“This is not to suggest
that the viewer of pornographic images of rape will necessarily go on to rape
or commit other acts of sexual violence”.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Times; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/bsp/hi/pdfs/30_08_05_porn_doc.pdf"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">The 2005 Home Office
Consultation</span></a></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span><span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">On the possession of extreme pornographic material in stated:</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Times; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">“As to evidence of
harm, conducting research in this area is complex. We do not yet have sufficient
evidence from which to draw any definite conclusions as to the likely long term
impact of this kind of material on individuals generally”.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">It is interesting to note that despite acknowledging
that no link can be proven between consensual adult fantasies and any evidence
of harm, all three of these statements suggest an assumption of harm despite
the absence of evidence. In contrast</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-22803502"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">The Ministry of Justice</span></a></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span><span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">criminal policy unit’s
statement is clear and unequivocal:</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">"We have no
evidence to show that the creation of staged rape images involves any harm to
the participants or causes harm to society at large”.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Times; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Cultural Harm</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Times; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Thus, in the absence of any provable
causal link, the prohibitionist argument falls back on the perception that
consensual adult rape-fantasies cause “cultural harm”. The notion of cultural
harm seems predicated on the concept of “</span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rape_culture"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">rape culture</span></a></span><span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">” which links “rape and
sexual violence to the culture of a society in which prevalent attitudes and
practice normalise, excuse, tolerate or even condone rape”.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Times; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">On first inspection the notion of
cultural harm is absolutely impossible to refute, as it is a nebulous concept,
conveniently avoiding definition. It acknowledges a possibility, rather than
asserting a certainty. It is a mere “may” instead of an absolute “does”. </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span><span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">For example there is no
evidence whatsoever to suggest that the simulated violence in computer games
“does” cause actual violence. However, it “may”. Hence my concern is: should a
mere “may” be sufficient to justify criminalising possession of material that
some people find questionable?</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Times; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">How about applying the “cultural
harm” argument to other scenarios where actual (rather than simulated)
consensual violence is legal for both the participants and viewer? The
“properly regulated” sport of boxing has been a legally recognised form of
“violent” entertainment since the case of</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R_v_Coney"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">R v Coney</span></a></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span><span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">in 1882 (which was
relied upon by the House of Lords in deciding the extent of consent to assault
in a sexual context in the case of</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://www.cirp.org/library/legal/UKlaw/rvbrown1993/"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">R v Brown (1993)</span></a></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span><span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">or the “</span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Spanner"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Spanner</span></a></span><span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">” Case) Yet there is
absolutely no persuasive evidence to suggest that viewing boxing “does” cause
viewers to commit violent offences. However, it “may” cause cultural harm to
“normalise, excuse, tolerate or even condone” violence.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Times; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background: white; color: #454545; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">By
that rationale, should the law criminalise the possession of</span><span style="color: #454545; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><br />
<span style="background: white;">depictions of consensual boxing because it “may”
contribute to a culture</span> <span style="background: white;">in which
violence is acceptable?</span></span><span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"> </span><span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">This also questions the effectiveness
of the rationale of criminalising the end consumer, rather than the producers
of the material. Furthermore, would the position be more pronounced if watching
boxing sexually aroused the viewer?</span><span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Consent</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Times; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2003/42/section/74"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Section 74</span></a></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">of the Sexual Offences Act 2003 defines
consent as:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">“If he agrees by choice, and has the
freedom and capacity to make that choice”.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Times; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://www.cps.gov.uk/legal/p_to_r/rape_and_sexual_offences/consent/"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">The CPS Guidance</span></a></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">breaks this down to a two-stage test:</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Times; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">“Whether
a complainant had the capacity (i.e. the age and understanding) to make a
choice about whether or not to take part in the sexual activity at the time in
question.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Times; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Whether
he or she was in a position to make that choice freely, and was not constrained
in any way. Assuming that the complainant had both the freedom and capacity to
consent, the crucial question is whether the complainant agrees to the activity
by choice”.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Times; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Furthermore, it is an
established principle that those who are not capable of giving consent at law
include: children under the age of sixteen, animals, cadavers and persons with
a mental disorder impeding choice.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Times; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hence the criminal
offence of rape is absolutely about the absence of consent. As previously
discussed,</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span><span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">consensual adult rape-fantasies are absolutely about
the consent of the participants. Therefore any images of an actual rape would
be prima facie evidence of an offence under</span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2003/42/section/1"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> Section 1</span></a></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span><span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">of the Sexual Offences
Act.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Times; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
<!--[endif]--></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Times; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Finally,
whilst the age of consent is sixteen under Section 1 of</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2000/44/section/1"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Sexual Offences
(Amendment)Act 2000</span></a></span><span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">; the age for legally performing in pornography was
extended to eighteen by virtue of</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2003/42/section/45"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Section 45</span></a></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span><span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">of the Sexual Offences
Act 2003. This disjunct between the age of consent and what I refer to as “the
age of representation” becomes important when considering conflation arguments
regarding the protection of children; and any link between consensual adult
fantasy pornography and indecent images of children, which are by definition
non-consensual.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">According to the CPS’</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://www.cps.gov.uk/legal/h_to_k/indecent_photographs_of_children/"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Legal Guidance</span></a></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span><span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">on indecent images of
children:</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Times; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">“The two main offence
provisions in this area are section 1 of the Protection of Children Act 1978
(PCA 1978) and section 160 of the Criminal Justice Act 1988 (CJA 1988)”</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Times; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Thus the law</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> penalises</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span><span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">the possession, making,
distribution, showing and advertisement of indecent images of children who are
under the age of eighteen. It is essential to understand the absence of consent
in these offences when attempting to identify arguments that conflate
consensual activity with non-consensual activity.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Times; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Conflation
Arguments</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Times; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Many of the arguments for proposing the
criminalisation of possession of</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span><span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">consensual adult rape-fantasies have
cited the existence of already criminalised indecent images of children as a
justification for the former. Hence non-consensual activity is cited to justify
the criminalisation of currently legal consensual adult sexual activity. To
return to the boxing analogy, that is the equivalent of calling to criminalise
“properly regulated” legal boxing on the basis that illegal street-fighting is
morally reprehensible.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Times; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">In this current cycle, the
prohibitionists and certain media commentators have cited the murder
convictions of Mark Bridger and Stuart Hazell, both of whom were in possession
of reprehensible and illegal indecent images of children, in support of the
proposition for criminalising the possession of consensual adult
rape-fantasies.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Times; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">For example, a</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2013/may/30/internet-pornography-never-again-editorial"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Guardian editorial</span></a></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span><span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">appeared on the Comment
is Free website on the 30<sup>th</sup></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span><span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">May 2013 stating that all “internet
pornography… should be banned.” The article was amended the following day to
clarify “that the intention of the editorial was to propose restrictions on
violent and abusive pornography, as opposed to pornography in general”. Despite
that clarification, the</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">readers'
editor posted a</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2013/jun/09/clarifying-guardian-view-on-pornography"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">further clarification</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">of “the Guardian's view on pornography”</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span><span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ten days later.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Times; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Nonetheless, a comparison of the
original text and the amended version can be found</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://www.newssniffer.co.uk/articles/647764/diff/0/1"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">here</span></a></span><span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. The original text
calls for the banning of all internet pornography with the unsupported
assertion that it is “usually abusive and often violent” then, by citing Mark
Bridger’s conviction in the next line, seems to conflate consensual and
non-consensual images alike.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Times; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The full text of the first paragraph
reads as follows:</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Times; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background: #EEEEEE; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">“Internet pornography
is usually abusive and often violent. Mark Bridger, convicted yesterday of the
murder of April Jones, had compiled a store of it. Pornography is easily and
freely accessible, and at most requires only a credit card. The link between
such material and violence, most commonly against women and children, is not
quite beyond dispute - occasional studies claim there is, as one headline had
it, a sunny side to smut. But there is strong evidence that at the very least
it is addictive, can normalise violence, and at the same time diminishes
sympathy for its victims. It is a kind of incitement to hate. It should be
banned. But that is easier to say than to do.”</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Times; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The same conflation of consensual with non-consensual
sexual images can be seen in the Rape Crisis South London</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://www.endviolenceagainstwomen.org.uk/data/files/Letter_to_PM_to_ban_rape_porn_7th_June_2013_original_to_PM.pdf"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">letter to the Prime Minister</span></a></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, which states:</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Times; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">“The recent murder convictions of Mark
Bridger and Stuart Hazell, involving violent and misogynistic pornography, have
been both shocking and distressing.”</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Times; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bridger and Hazell’s actions were without question
shocking and distressing. That they were in possession of indecent images of
children amounts to separate criminal offences. Yet citing evidence of
non-consensual images in order to justify the criminalisation of consensual adult
sexual images is a classic logical fallacy typical of the “moral panic”
argument, as Laurie Penny argues in the</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://www.newstatesman.com/sci-tech/2013/06/genie-unlimited-filth-out-bottle-and-no-law-can-stop-us-polishing-our-lamps"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">New Statesman</span></a></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">:</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Times; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">“<span style="background: white;">The worst
thing about this debate is that it turns a real-world, complex problem into a
simple moral choice”.</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Times; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Assumption and Exclusion</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Times; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The prohibitionist arguments are also
based on a number of assumptions and exceptions that, unfortunately, exclude
certain voices from the debate. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The Rackley and McGlynn</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://www.endviolenceagainstwomen.org.uk/data/files/Criminalising_Extreme_Porn_Briefing.pdf"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">paper </span></a></span><span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">frames the debate in
terms of violence against women:</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Times; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">“The existence and use
of extreme pornography contributes to the cultural context within which society
fails to take sexual violence against women seriously”.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Times; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">In doing so, this excludes the
experiences of male and transsexual rape</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Times; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">survivors. As the CPS’ rape myths</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://www.endviolenceagainstwomen.org.uk/data/files/Criminalising_Extreme_Porn_Briefing.pdf"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">state</span></a></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span><span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">this arguably “re-traumatises
and stigmatises male survivors”. Hence the “cultural harm” argument is weakened
by the prohibitionists’ own cultural assumptions about victimhood in society.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The CPS’</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://www.cps.gov.uk/publications/docs/rape_policy_2012.pdf"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Policy for Prosecuting
Cases of Rape</span></a></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span><span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">contextualises the issue in more even handed terms:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">“We recognise that both
men and women can be victims. Although the majority of victims are women, and
taking action against rape is included as part of the CPS Violence Against
Women Strategy”</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Times; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Likewise this exclusion also assumes
that all consensual adult rape-fantasies feature female “victims,” which also
ignores the prevalence of male-on-male or “gay” rape porn fantasies.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Times; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Fantasy<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Likewise the word fantasy is also excluded from the
debate. As</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://unfashionista.com/2013/06/10/the-campaign-to-ban-rape-porn-is-far-too-broadly-drawn/"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Louise Mensch notes</span></a></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">in opposition to the prohibitionist
arguments:</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Times; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">“<span style="background: white;">Rape </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">fantasy</i> <span style="background: white;">is an incredibly common female fantasy. It is VITAL that we distinguish
this fantasy from rape apology, rape excuse, or anything to do with real rape”.</span> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Times; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Likewise, in discussing fantasies of Consensual Non
Consent (CNC), rape survivor and campaigner against the extreme pornography
laws, Emily</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://musingsofemilyrose.blogspot.co.uk/2013/06/rape-porn-rapists-by-proxy.html"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">claims:</span></a></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Times; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background: white; color: #555555; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">“We can’t censor our
fantasies – and should have access to visual and written depictions of those
fantasies, where those depictions involve consenting adults”.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Times; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Finally, Laurie Penny</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://www.newstatesman.com/sci-tech/2013/06/genie-unlimited-filth-out-bottle-and-no-law-can-stop-us-polishing-our-lamps"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">identifies</span></a></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">the connection between fantasies and
consensual adult pornography:</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Times; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">“I do not want to live in
a world where the government and a select few conservative feminists get to
decide what we may and may not masturbate to, and use the bodies of murdered
women or children as emotional pawns in that debate.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">However, were the criminalisation of
the possession of such fantasy material successful, defendants would be at risk
of a three year custodial sentence and inclusion on the Sex Offenders’ Register
as well as the potential impact of losing their jobs and contact with their
families. I have to question whether criminalising the end consumer of
consensual adult rape-fantasies, rather than regulating the manufacture,
production and publication of such material is the most effective method of
raising awareness of rape culture and the offence of rape.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The law as an instrument of prohibition</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Times; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">It is my suggestion
that the criminal law is not the appropriate mechanism for addressing concerns
about consensual adult rape-fantasies.</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The law that the prohibitionists seek to extend</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span><span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">is section</span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2008/4/part/5/crossheading/pornography-etc"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> 63 of the Criminal
Justice and Immigration Act 2008</span></a></span><span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. The CPS’</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://www.cps.gov.uk/legal/d_to_g/extreme_pornography/"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Guidance</span></a></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span><span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">states that in
determining what material constitutes extreme pornography a threefold test must
be applied, namely:</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Times; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">That the image is pornographic; and</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Times; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">That the image is extreme namely grossly
offensive, disgusting, or otherwise of an obscene character; and</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Times; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">That the image portrays in an explicit
and</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">realistic</span></i></b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">way any of the extreme acts set out in
section 63(7).</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Times; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">It is the word “realistic” in the third clause that is
most significant. Can staged or simulated</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span><span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">consensual adult rape-fantasies ever
be realistic if they are simulated? Pretend? Play-acting? Realism was the key
issue in two previous extreme pornography trials: the Mold “</span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/6918001/Man-cleared-of-porn-charge-after-tiger-sex-image-found-to-be-joke.html"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Tiger Porn</span></a></span><span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">” case and the Stafford
“</span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://www.staffordshirenewsletter.co.uk/News/Death-fetish-porn-charge-man-acquitted.htm"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">death fetish</span></a></span><span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">” trial (both of whom
were defendants I represented).</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Times; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">In the Mold case the defendant was
indicted with possessing a video of a woman having sex with a tiger. Except it
wasn’t realistic because the “tiger” in question was actually a human male in a
tiger skin costume who, according to The Telegraph, “</span><span style="background: white; color: #282828; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">turned to the camera
and roared: ‘That beats the Frosties advert!’.” Hence a man was prosecuted for
being in possession of a joke. Except it wasn’t funny for the defendant who,
despite being found not guilty of the offence, had his name become a
humiliating joke in the press and globally on the internet.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Times; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Likewise, in the Stafford case, which was a test-case
for the extreme pornography legislation, the defendant was acquitted by the
jury despite the prosecutor’s assertions in Court that the: “</span><span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">obviously faked death
images were in fact realistic depictions of sexual violence; despite the
prosecution having to accept, before the trial even began, that the images were
clearly staged”. Staged. Simulated. Hence the criminal justice system is
familiar with simulated images being confused with actual images of violence.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Yet e<span style="background: white;">xpert
witness for the defence Prof Feona Attwood of Sheffield Hallam University
described the images in Court as being: “less realistic than the average
British soap opera</span></span><span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 6.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.”</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Times; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Secondly, as in</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://www.newstatesman.com/blogs/david-allen-green/2012/08/shameful-and-nasty-prosecution-simon-walsh"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Simon Walsh’s #PornTrial</span></a></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, this law also has the ability to
criminalise the depiction of acts that are legal to perform, such as fisting.
Hence it is legal to perform acts of vaginal and anal fisting in real life, yet
the possession of images of these acts could be subject to prosecution. This is
analogous with</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span><span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">consensual adult rape-fantasies, since to “pretend,”
“simulate” or “role-play” rape is not illegal, yet the prohibitionist argument
seeks to criminalise the possession of representations of these sexual
fantasies. In fact, it could be argued that criminalising the representation of
legal acts, thereby denying individuals the right to express their legal sexual
fantasies, amounts to thought crime.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Times; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Thirdly, it is my suggestion that in theory the
concept of “cultural harm” is incompatible with the way in which the criminal
law constructs notions of harm caused to the victims of sexual offences. When
scrutinised as a motivation to criminalise the possession of consensual adult
rape-fantasies the cultural harm argument is incompatible with the legal
mechanisms for recognising harm.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">The CPS’</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://www.cps.gov.uk/publications/code_for_crown_prosecutors/codetest.html"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Full Code Test</span></a></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> <span style="background: white;">has two stages: firstly</span> the “evidential
stage”<span style="background: white;">; then the “</span>public interest” stage<span style="background: white;">. With regards to the evidential stage, prosecutors
should consider whether the evidence is admissible, reliable and credible. It
is my contention that the notion of cultural harm is too abstract to be
admissible, reliable or credible as evidence to justify prohibition; given the
previously discussed absence of a proven evidential link between consensual
adult rape-fantasies and the commission of actual sexual offences.</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Times; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The next stage of the
Full Code Test, the public interest stage, specifically references harm, by
asking “</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">What are the
circumstances of and the harm caused to the victim?” With regard to sexual
offences the notion of harm caused to the “victim” is constructed at law to
mean actual, identifiable individuals or persons. Thus not harm caused to
society, or “cultural harm”. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hence I suggest that the
justification for criminalising the possession of</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">consensual adult rape-fantasies, of a “cultural harm”
is fundamentally flawed, as it is incompatible with the way in which the
criminal law recognises that victims of sexual offences have to be identifiable
individuals.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Times; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Conclusion</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Times; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Whilst I believe that the “rape culture” thesis is an
extremely compelling</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">cultural</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span></i><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">argument
when deployed by, for example, activists in support of rape crisis centre
funding or dispelling victim-blaming myths. I do not think that the “cultural
harm” assertion is sufficiently strong as a</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">legal</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span></i><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">argument to justify criminalisation of possession of</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span><span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">consensual adult
rape-fantasies. Furthermore, as I have argued, I cannot see that proposed
criminalisation of the possession of consensual adult rape-fantasies on the
basis of perceived harm would be effective in combating the actual harm caused
by non-consensual sexual violence in criminal offences such as rape.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Times; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hence it is with deepest regret that
I express my belief that in deploying the cultural harm argument the proponents
of this proposal have made an assumption about the nature, role and function of
the criminal law and in doing so have perpetuated a rape myth. Nevertheless I
hope to continue to support campaigns to improve rape crisis funding and
repudiate the culture of victim-blaming. However, given these circumstances, I
remain unconvinced that in attempting to criminalise the possession of
consensual adult material as a means of reducing the instances of
non-consensual sexual violence, the criminal law is the correct instrument to
achieve these laudable aims.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">I agree with The Human Rights
organisation Liberty, who raised this concern in their </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://www.liberty-human-rights.org.uk/pdfs/policy07/crimjust-immbill-2ndcomm.pdf"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Second Reading Briefing</span></a></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span><span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">on the extreme
pornography legislation:</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Times; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">“We fear that the
proposed overbroad offence would criminalise those who do no harm to others and
detract attention from those who cause genuine hurt”.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Times; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">COMMENTS – I
have intentionally disabled comments from this blog, on the basis that I am
preparing to appear on BBC Radio 4’s Moral Maze at 8pm tonight and therefore
will not have sufficient time to moderate comments, if necessary.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">However, please
feel free to tweet at me as @ObscenityLawyer</span></div>
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<br /></div>ObscenityLawyerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15652268259166107121noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8920850427843688264.post-74610000369282089252012-08-13T01:53:00.000-07:002015-04-30T12:33:45.775-07:00“Would you welcome an Anal Prolapse?”
<script type="text/javascript">
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<br />
<div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">The
following blog on consent to sexual acts and representations was
written a week after Michael Peacock's acquittal and addresses the
CPS' guidelines on the OPA six-months prior to Simon Walsh's Trial. </span></span>
</div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">There
is an update at the end of the blog, written today, on the current
state of the guidelines and the role of the CPS, BBFC and Met in
reviewing them...</span></span></div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="CENTER" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;">“<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Would
you welcome an Anal Prolapse?”</b></span></span></span></div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">This
question was put in open Court in the </span></span><a href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/law/2012/jan/06/obscenity-trial-law-digital-age?newsfeed=true"><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><u>obscenity
trial</u></span></span></a><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"> of
the decade,</span></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R_v_Peacock"><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><u> R
v Peacock</u></span></span></a><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">,
by prosecution counsel </span></span><a href="http://www.furnivalchambers.co.uk/members/timothy-forster.asp"><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><u>Mr
TimothyForster</u></span></span></a><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">,
in cross-examining the defence expert witness in pornography, </span></span><a href="http://www.crmcs.sunderland.ac.uk/research-staff/clarissa-smith/"><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><u>Dr
ClarissaSmith</u></span></span></a><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">.</span></span></div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">The
case of Michael Peacock may obtain infamy as an emblem of changing
societal values towards sexual representations; the twenty-first
century equivalent to the prosecutor’s question in the 1961 </span></span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8920850427843688264#British_obscenity_trial"><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><i><u>Lady
Chatterley’s Lover</u></i></span></span></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8920850427843688264#British_obscenity_trial"><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><u> trial</u></span></span></a><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">,
as to whether: “you would wish your wife and servants to read…
[this book]?”</span></span></div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Fifty
years ago Penguin Books were prosecuted under the then new </span></span><a href="http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/Eliz2/7-8/66/contents"><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><u>Obscene
Publications Act 1959</u></span></span></a><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"> (OPA)
on the basis that Lady Chatterley’s Lover contained obscenity like
the word “fuck” which could </span></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hicklin_test"><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><u>‘deprave
and corrupt’</u></span></span></a><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"> the
reader. The jury acquitted the publisher. Last week, defendant
Michael Peacock was unanimously acquitted by a jury at the Southwark
Crown Court of six counts of “publishing” supposedly obscene
DVDs, featuring acts of male fisting, urination and </span></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BDSM"><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><u>BDSM</u></span></span></a><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">.</span></span></div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">According
to a </span><a href="http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/+/http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/documents/cons-extreme-porn-3008051/"><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><u>Home
Office consultation paper</u></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"> published
in August 2005, the strengths of the OPA’s ‘deprave and corrupt’
test “</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><i>are said to be
that it is flexible and capable of interpretation by juries in line
with </i></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><b>changing
moral standards.” </b></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">As
I argued in a 2008 OPA case where the defendant faced six months in
custody; moral standards have changed towards pornography and
representations of consensual adult BDSM in the thirty years since R
v Holloway, the </span><a href="http://sentencingcouncil.judiciary.gov.uk/docs/web_case_compendium.pdf"><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><u>guideline</u></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"> case </span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><i>“for
those who commercially exploit pornography” </i></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">from
1982.</span></div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">I
argued that BDSM imagery had entered mainstream culture in the
previous fifteen years, from mainstream certified films such as:
“Quills,” “Secretary,” “The Piano Teacher” and “The
Notorious Betty Page”; to popular musicians such as Britney Spears
and Madonna adopting the iconography of BDSM; along with fashion
designers such as Vivienne Westwood, Alexander McQueen and Mulberry
designing fetishistic items such as corsetry and stiletto heels;
which are in turn worn by highly visible public figures like
Elizabeth Hurley and Angelina Jolie.</span></div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0.64cm;">
<br /></div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Over
the same period there had been a rise in the popularity of “fetish”
clubs open to members of the general public, such as “Torture
Garden” which has held events at the Barbican and Hayward Gallery
and is described as a </span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><i>“legendary
fetish club - the Torture Garden is a capital institution”</i></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"> by </span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><i>Time
Out</i></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">; as well as
licensed high-street sex shops such as Ann Summers and Harmony
selling sex toys and implements like canes.</span></div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Perhaps
the most significant change was the proliferation of pornography
available for purchase or free on the internet, which increases the
ease by which such material can be accessed. Furthermore, </span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><i>The
Times</i></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"> described
the stated aim of the Criminal Justice and Immigration Act 2008 to
“regulate” such access in the following terms: </span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><i>“Censor
the internet? Try catching the wind… [since] Violent pornography
may be repellent to most adults but banning it from British computers
will be impossible”</i></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">.</span></div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0.64cm;">
<br /></div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Sympathy
had also been expressed in the media for those who engaged in
consensual BDSM practices, such as the then current Max Mosely
“expose”. Matthew Syed commented in </span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><i>The
Times</i></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"> that: </span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><i>“disgust
carries not a shred of moral or legal force when it is directed at
those engaged in mutually consenting behaviour, whether it involves
sex, spanking or leopardskin handcuffs”.</i></span></div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Taken
together, these phenomena could be argued as being emblematic of
the “changing moral standards” of society towards those who
engage in BDSM activities. However, it could be suggested that the
reliance on juries to interpret “changing moral standards” simply
shifts the responsibility to define what sexual representations are
considered “obscene” from our legislators, the police, the
prosecution and our official censors the BBFC, onto the regular
individuals who sit on a jury.</span></div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Whilst
it could be argued that it is desirable for individuals on a jury to
arbitrate over the sexual representations that other individuals may
publish; the reticence by these authorities to engage with constantly
changing moral standards means that the burden also shifts to
individuals. Defendants such as Michael Peacock (who is to be
commended for his courage in contesting the charges against him),
face the unenviable prospect of an immediate custodial sentence
should their legal challenges on obscenity law fail.</span></div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">However,
in last week’s Peacock verdict, I would suggest that the jury
identified that moral standards have changed even more
significantly. </span><span style="color: #262626;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Consensual
adult fisting and urination are sexual acts that are perfectly legal
to perform in real life; but the representation of these acts was
previously considered to be obscene under the Crown Prosecution
Services (CPS) guidelines and therefore attracted criminal liability.
What has attracted less attention so far is that the jury’s
decision in Peacock seems to have inverted the distinction between
the actual sexual </span></span><span style="color: #262626;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><b>act </b></span></span><span style="color: #262626;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">and
the </span></span><span style="color: #262626;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><b>representation</b></span></span><span style="color: #262626;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"> of
that act, with regard to </span></span><span style="color: #262626;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><b>consensual</b></span></span><span style="color: #262626;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"> adult
BDSM activities.</span></span></div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">The
definition of consent in Section 74 of the Sexual Offences Act 2003
(SOA) is that: </span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><i>“a
person consents if he agrees by choice, and has
the freedom and capacity to make that
choice”.</i></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"> However,
the issue of consent to “violent” adult BDSM is regulated by the
former House of Lords’ three to two majority decision in the 1994
case of R v Brown (colloquially referred to as the
"Spanner" case). The participants in Brown had engaged in
consensual male on male BDSM that “inflicted” injuries which were
more than merely “transient and trifling,” by breaking the skin
and causing bleeding. In delivering his Judgment in Brown, Lord
Templeman stated that:</span></div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><i>"I
am not prepared to invent a defence of consent for sadomasochistic
encounters which breed and glorify cruelty[...] Society is entitled
and bound to protect itself against a cult of violence. Pleasure
derived from the infliction of pain is an evil thing. Cruelty is
uncivilized."</i></span></div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Hence
it would seem that an individual cannot consent to an Assault
Occasioning Actual Bodily Harm (ABH) as defined by the Offences
against the Person Act 1861.</span></div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: #262626;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">The
current CPS Guidelines on ABH state that injuries normally prosecuted
under section 47 include: </span></span><span style="color: #262626;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><i>“temporary
loss of sensory functions, which may include loss of
consciousness; extensive or multiple bruising; [and] minor, but
not merely superficial, cuts of a sort probably requiring
medical treatment (e.g. stitches)</i></span></span><span style="color: #262626;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">”.</span></span></div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: #262626;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">However
there is a dissonance between their Lordships’ decision in the
“homosexual” case of Brown and the Court of Appeal Judgment in
the 1996 "hetrosexual" case of </span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">R
v</span><span style="color: #262626;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Wilson
wherein</span><span style="color: #262626;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"> t</span></span><span style="color: #1a1a1a;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">he
appellant admitted using a hot knife to brand his initials onto his
wife's buttocks, by mutual consent. Lord Justice Russell stated
that</span></span><span style="color: #262626;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"> </span></span><span style="color: #1a1a1a;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><i>"consensual
activity between </i></span></span><span style="color: #1a1a1a;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><i><u>husband
and wife</u></i></span></span><span style="color: #1a1a1a;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><i>,
in the privacy of the </i></span></span><span style="color: #1a1a1a;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><i><u>matrimonial</u></i></span></span><span style="color: #1a1a1a;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><i>
home, is not, in our judgment, a proper matter for criminal
investigation, let alone criminal prosecution"</i></span></span><span style="color: #262626;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">.</span></span></div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" lang="en-GB" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: #262626;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Irrespective
of this disjuncture, the Peacock case focuses exclusively on the
relative obscenity of the </span></span><span style="color: #262626;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><b>representation</b></span></span><span style="color: #262626;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"> of
such acts, not the actual act itself. Excerpts from the DVD entitled
“HM:T2” were exhibited to the jury in Peacock. According to the
description of HM:T2 on the “hard-master” website, the DVD
featured the recipient being:</span></span></div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: #262626;">“<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><i>Bound,
chained, suspended, caged, racked, whipped, impaled and subjected to
heavy electro and cbt and piercing… And he takes the lot. This dvd
does not hold back, welts bruises and blood are to be accepted when a
slave is used this hard”</i></span></span><span style="color: #262626;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">.</span></span></div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: #262626;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Thus
it could be argued that in holding the representation of such acts
not to be obscene, almost twenty years after Brown, that the jury of
regular citizens in Peacock were effectively rejecting Lord
Templeman’s dicta that </span></span><span style="color: #262626;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><i>“[consensual
sexual] </i></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><i>cruelty
is uncivilized."</i></span><span style="color: #262626;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"> In
light of the Peacock verdict, officers from the Metropolitan Police
SCD9 Abusive and Extreme Images Unit openly stated that they would
have to sit down with the CPS and the British Board of Film
Classification to “rethink” the charging standard guidelines for
sexual obscenity.</span></span></div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: #262626;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">This
could mean we are effectively in a position where prosecuting
the </span></span><span style="color: #262626;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><b>representation</b></span></span><span style="color: #262626;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"> of
consensual BDSM acts such as the drawing of blood is not considered
in the public interest; yet those performing those </span></span><span style="color: #262626;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><b>acts
(</b></span></span><span style="color: #262626;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">to
a level beyond merely transient and trifling) could still be
prosecuted? This contradiction seems to make little sense.</span></span></div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Like
Dr Clarissa Smith, who was asked the question, I might not welcome an
anal prolapse, but I support the right of those who wish to enact or
represent this activity.</span></div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Consequently
I question whether those engaged in consensual adult sexual acts or
representations should be prosecuted. It is my suggestion that a
wholesale rethink of the law on sexual consent is necessary.</span></div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="CENTER" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>UPDATE</b></span></span></div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">The
above sentiments were expressed over six months ago, before Simon
Walsh's acquittal at the Kingston Crown Court for allegedly being in
possession of “extreme pornography” under section 63 of the
Criminal Justice and Immigration Act. The five images in question
depicted anal fisting and urethral sounding, both activities featured
in the Peacock Trial. At the time I expressed the view that the CPS,
along with the Metropolitan Police and the BBFC needed to review the
guidelines.</span></div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">I
can report that, post Michael Peacock's #ObscenityTrial and pre Simon
Walsh's #PornTrial the CPS did indeed meet with representatives from
the Met and BBFC. However, I am told that the Peacock Trial was
considered to be a singular prosecution and therefore the result of
the review process was not to amend the guidelines in any way, shape
or form. Therefore more defendants may have to put their lives on
hold like Michael and Simon did whilst challenging such intrusive
prosecutions.</span></div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">It
is my contention that the matter is now beyond the remit of the CPS,
Met and BBFC and that the subject requires the scrutiny of the Home
Secretary, Ministry of Justice and the Law Commission and that
questions should be asked in the House.</span></div>
<div align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>ObscenityLawyerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15652268259166107121noreply@blogger.com4tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8920850427843688264.post-68400333683962272832012-07-30T01:07:00.000-07:002015-04-30T12:32:34.363-07:00Porn Trial: This Time it's Extreme<script type="text/javascript">
window.location = "http://mylesjackman.com/index.php/my-blog/98-porn-trial-this-time-it-s-extreme";
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<br />
<div lang="en-US" style="line-height: 0.39cm; margin-bottom: 0.35cm;">
<span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><b>Today
the Crown Prosecution Service will attempt to persuade a jury that
images of fisting should be classified as “extreme pornography”
with the risk to the defendant of three years in custody, inclusion
on the sex offenders' register and damage to his personal and
professional standing.</b></span></span></div>
<div lang="en-US" style="line-height: 0.39cm; margin-bottom: 0.35cm;">
<span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><b>All
for a type of image which is commonly viewed, of an activity which is
itself is legal to perform and is even discussed in the book Fifty
Shades of Grey.</b></span></span></div>
<div lang="en-US" style="line-height: 0.39cm; margin-bottom: 0.35cm;">
<span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><b>Nonetheless
the defendant, Simon Walsh, has been charged with being in possession
of extreme pornographic images under section 63 of the Criminal
Justice and Immigration Act 2008: so <span style="color: black;">the
Prosecution</span> must prove that the act of fisting
is “likely to result in serious injury to a person’s
anus”.</b></span></span></div>
<div lang="en-US" style="line-height: 0.39cm; margin-bottom: 0.35cm;">
<span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><u><b>The
Defendant – Simon Walsh</b></u></span></span></div>
<div lang="en-US" style="line-height: 0.39cm; margin-bottom: 0.35cm;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Simon,
who is represented by my firm (Hodge Jones & Allen) has given his
express permission for this information to be published.</span></div>
<div lang="en-US" style="line-height: 0.39cm; margin-bottom: 0.35cm;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Before
being arrested and charged with these offences, Simon was a
successful professional and politician in the City who, amongst other
things, prosecuted police officers accused of disciplinary offences.</span></div>
<div lang="en-US" style="line-height: 0.39cm; margin-bottom: 0.35cm;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">After
being charged, Simon lost both professional and political positions,
despite the fact that no pornography was found on any of his work
computers. In fact, no pornography was found on Simon's home
computers either.</span></div>
<div lang="en-US" style="line-height: 0.39cm; margin-bottom: 0.35cm;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Instead,
the police had to “interrogate” Simon's personal email account
(server) in order to discover a few images they deemed questionable.
This included an image of a man wearing a gas mask. Their expert
stated that this was likely to cause serious harm, even death by
asphyxiation: despite being a piece of equipment designed to assist
breathing. This charge was eventually dropped.</span></div>
<div lang="en-US" style="line-height: 0.39cm; margin-bottom: 0.35cm;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Unfortunately,
by performing the “interrogation” of Simon's email account in the
fashion they did, the police contaminated the only source of
evidence; making it impossible to identify whether images attached to
emails had in fact been opened and viewed.</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<u><b><span style="color: black; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">The
Peacock Trial</span></b></u></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br />
</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="color: #333333;"><span lang="en-US">Readers
familiar with the jury decision in Micheal </span></span><span style="color: black;">Peacock's
obscenity trial earlier this year, where the defendant was
unanimously acquitted of publishing fisting DVDs under the Obscene
Publications Act 1959 (OPA), may be surprised to hear that the CPS
are having another bite at the cherry when it comes to fisting.</span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br />
</span></div>
<div lang="en-US" style="line-height: 0.39cm; margin-bottom: 0.35cm;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="color: black;">As
the Peacock obscenity trial was under the OPA the CPS needed to show
that fisting pornography was likely to “deprave and corrupt” the
viewer. Since this Trial is under section 63 of the CJIA 2008 </span>the
CPS must show that act of fisting is “likely to result in serious
injury to a person’s
anus” in order to persuade a jury that the
mere representation (pictures) of this activity is a criminal
offence, despite the fact that the act itself is legal to perform.</span></div>
<div lang="en-US" style="line-height: 0.39cm; margin-bottom: 0.35cm;">
<span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><u><b>The
Prosecution Case</b></u></span></span></div>
<div lang="en-US" style="line-height: 0.39cm; margin-bottom: 0.35cm;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">What
follows is a summary of elements of what the Prosecution must prove
to substantiate an offence has been committed under the CJIA 2008:</span></div>
<div lang="en-US" style="line-height: 0.39cm; margin-bottom: 0.35cm;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="color: black;">According
to Section 63 images are “extreme” if they are “</span><span style="color: black;"><b>grossly
offensive</b></span><span style="color: black;">,
</span><span style="color: black;"><b>disgusting</b></span><span style="color: black;">
or otherwise of an </span><span style="color: black;"><b>obscene
character</b></span><span style="color: black;">”
a</span>nd according to subsection 7:</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">“(7)
An image falls within this subsection if it portrays, in an explicit
and realistic
</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">way,
any of the following—
</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br />
</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">(b)
an act which results, or is <b>likely</b> to result, in <b>serious
injury</b> to a person’s
</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 0.39cm; margin-bottom: 0.35cm;">
<span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span lang="en-US">anus,
breasts or genitals”</span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Unfortunately,
what is “likely” to result in “serious injury” is not
specifically defined in the Act itself. There were Ministry of
Justice Guidelines specifically on the extreme pornography
legislation, but they seem to have disappeared from the internet,
possibly disavowed.</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br />
</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<u><span style="color: black; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Conclusion</span></u></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br />
</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">As
with the Peacock obscenity case, it will be instructive to see
whether the police and prosecution are out of step with current
cultural and moral values towards sexuality; and instead whether a
jury of reasonable people simply deem that fisting pornography is
neither extreme nor criminal.</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br />
</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<u><span style="color: black; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Updates</span></u></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br />
</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="color: black;">Simon's
Trial is listed to start today, Monday the 30</span><span style="color: black;"><sup>th</sup></span><span style="color: black;">
July 2012, at Kingston Upon Thames Crown Court from 12pm and is
listed </span>to last for up to seven days.</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br />
</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span lang="en-US">With
the Trial Judge's permission, the Trial will be live-tweeted under
the hash tag #porntrial.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br />
</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span lang="en-US">Hence
it should be possible to follow the Trial as it unfolds; and discover
whether a jury will swallow such an intrusive Prosecution.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br />
</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br />
</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>ObscenityLawyerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15652268259166107121noreply@blogger.com38tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8920850427843688264.post-20814295498824591272012-07-26T03:59:00.000-07:002015-04-30T12:29:54.808-07:00No words were harmed in writing this article<script type="text/javascript">
window.location = "http://mylesjackman.com/index.php/my-blog/96-blog-4";
</script>
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<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 14pt;">According to the Court of Appeal’s
Judgment in the recent case of R v GS [2012] private one to one text chat on
the internet can be subject to the Obscene Publications Act 1959 (OPA).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">This
means that anyone using the internet to discuss sexual fantasies may be at risk
of committing a criminal offence.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Prior to this judgment it was presumed
that the OPA did not apply to one to one conversations between individuals.
This position was clearly overturned by paragraph 21 of Lord Justice Richards’
lead Judgment wherein it was stated that:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 14pt;">“In our judgment, to publish an article
to an individual is plainly to publish it within the meaning of the Act.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">It must be noted that the content of the
chat logs in question pertained to “</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 14pt;">explicit conversation
concerning incestuous, sadistic paedophile sex acts on young and very young children.
It was accepted that what was discussed was fantasy and not a reference to real
events”. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 14pt;">However, whilst the content of the
conversations were paedophile fantasies, the Judgment itself potentially
extends the OPA to all sexual fantasies that might “deprave and corrupt”.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 14pt;">The Crown Prosecution Service’s
Guidelines state that:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-line-height-alt: 10.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 6.0pt;">“It is impossible to define all types of
activity which may be suitable for prosecution. The following is not an
exhaustive list but indicates the categories of material most commonly
prosecuted: </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 6.0pt;">sexual act
with an animal;</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 6.0pt;"> </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 6.0pt;">realistic portrayals of rape</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 6.0pt;">;
</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 6.0pt;">sadomasochistic material which goes
beyond trifling and transient infliction of injury;</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 6.0pt;"> </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 6.0pt;">torture with instruments</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 6.0pt;">;
</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 6.0pt;">bondage (especially where gags are used
with no apparent means of withdrawing consent);</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 6.0pt;"> </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 6.0pt;">dismemberment or graphic mutilation</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 6.0pt;">;
a</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 6.0pt;">ctivities involving
perversion or degradation (such as drinking urine, urination or vomiting on to
the body, or excretion or use of excreta);</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 6.0pt;"> </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 6.0pt;">fisting.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-line-height-alt: 10.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-line-height-alt: 10.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 6.0pt;">It is
noteworthy that, of the CPS’ list, animals cannot consent at law; there are no
definitions of what “torture with instruments,” “graphic mutilation” or “realistic portrayal” of rape are; and
urination and fisting are activities which are legal to perform in real-life. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-line-height-alt: 10.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-line-height-alt: 10.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 6.0pt;">Furthermore
these guidelines have not been revised since R v Peacock [2012] where the jury
seemed to acquit the defendant on the basis that they did not find that male on
male urination and fisting were likely to deprave and corrupt. </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 6.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 14pt;">However, the most significant
consequence of the Judgment in R v GS is that these activities do not need to
be represented pictorially, for example by a photograph, but merely in the form
of text or words.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 14pt;">Therefore a person using the internet
to privately discuss intimate sexual fantasies with other individuals regarding
activities which are legal to perform in real-life such as fisting, may find
themselves subject to criminal charges.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">The Judgment, dated the 9<sup>th</sup> February
2012, is set out below in full; having only been edited to remove Counsel’s
remarks regarding retrial and reporting restrictions:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">---</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">
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</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times; font-size: 11pt;">Neutral Citation Number: [2012] EWCA
Crim 398 <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times; font-size: 11pt;">No: 201106555/B5 <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times; font-size: 11pt;">IN THE COURT OF APPEAL <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times; font-size: 11pt;">CRIMINAL DIVISION<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 28.0pt 56.0pt 84.0pt 112.0pt 140.0pt 168.0pt 196.0pt 224.0pt 252.0pt 280.0pt 308.0pt 336.0pt; text-align: right; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times; font-size: 11pt;">Royal Courts of Justice<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times; font-size: 11pt;">Strand London, WC2A 2LL<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times; font-size: 11pt;">Thursday, 9th February 2012<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times; font-size: 11pt;">B e f o r e</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times; font-size: 11pt;">:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 28.0pt 56.0pt 84.0pt 112.0pt 140.0pt 168.0pt 196.0pt 224.0pt 252.0pt 280.0pt 308.0pt 336.0pt; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times; font-size: 11pt;">LORD JUSTICE RICHARDS<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times; font-size: 11pt;">MR JUSTICE KENNETH PARKER<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times; font-size: 11pt;">MR JUSTICE LINDBLOM<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times; font-size: 11pt;">REGINA<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times; font-size: 11pt;">v<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times; font-size: 11pt;">GS<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times; font-size: 11pt;">PROSECUTION APPLICATION SECTION 58
CRIMINAL JUSTICE ACT 2003<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times; font-size: 11pt;">Computer Aided Transcript of the
Stenograph Notes of WordWave International Limited A Merrill Communications
Company 165 Fleet Street London EC4A 2DY Tel No: 020 7404 1400 Fax No: 020 7831
8838 (Official Shorthand Writers to the Court)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times; font-size: 11pt;">Mr G Pons </span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times; font-size: 11pt;">appeared on behalf of the <b>Applicant <o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times; font-size: 11pt;">Mr D Smith </span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times; font-size: 11pt;">appeared on behalf of the <b>Respondent<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times; font-size: 11pt;">JUDGMENT (As approved by the Court)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times; font-size: 11pt;">Crown copyright©<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times; font-size: 11pt;">1. LORD
JUSTICE RICHARDS: This is an appeal by the prosecution, under section 58 of the
Criminal Justice Act 2003, against a terminating ruling. The application for
leave to appeal was referred to the court by the Registrar. We granted leave at
the start of the hearing.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times; font-size: 11pt;">2. The
defendant in the case, the respondent to this appeal, faced trial at Maidstone
Crown Court on an indictment containing nine counts of publishing an obscene
article contrary to section 2(1) of the Obscene Publications Act 1959
("the 1959 Act"). The charges resulted from examination of the
defendant's computer following its seizure at his home. On it were nine chat
logs recording an explicit conversation concerning incestuous, sadistic
paedophile sex acts on young and very young children. It was accepted that what
was discussed was fantasy and not a reference to real events but it was the
prosecution case that the material was obscene.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times; font-size: 11pt;">3. There
was evidence that the chat logs were exact records of the Internet relay chat
in which the defendant had been engaged. Internet relay chat is a form of
instant communication via the Internet either between a group or, as in this
case, in a one-to-one context. The chat logs were not themselves published -
that is common ground - but they were relied on as evidence of the comments
that the defendant had typed and transmitted to the other party to the chat,
and it was alleged that by so transmitting them the defendant had published
them. The identity of the other party was not known and there was no evidence
that the material was shared beyond the defendant and that other party.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times; font-size: 11pt;">4. At
the close of the prosecution case there was a defence submission of no case to
answer. The judge, His Honour Judge MacDonald QC, rejected defence submissions
that there was no evidence on which the jury could find that the material had a
tendency to deprave and corrupt, and a related submission, in respect of two of
the counts, that the evidence was of no more than mildly offensive remarks. But
he upheld the defence submission that publication to one person was not an
offence unless that person could reasonably be expected to publish onwards,
which had not been shown in this case. He likened the present case to that of
two people sitting otherwise alone together in an ordinary physical room, not
overheard, sharing these fantasies. He said it was revolting but not a crime.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times; font-size: 11pt;">5. The
prosecution submit that the judge was wrong so to rule and that on the evidence
before the Crown Court there was a case to go to the jury. It is common ground
that the conditions for an appeal against the judge's ruling, which had the
effect of concluding the proceedings against the defendant, are met.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times; font-size: 11pt;"><u>The Statutory Provisions</u> </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times; font-size: 11pt;">6. Section
2(1) of the 1959 Act provides:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times; font-size: 11pt;">"(1)Subject as hereinafter
provided, any person who, whether for gain or not, publishes an obscene article
or who has an obscene article for publication for gain (whether gain to himself
or gain to another) shall be liable—<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times; font-size: 11pt;">(b)on conviction on indictment to a
fine or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding three years or both."<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times; font-size: 11pt;">7. Relevant
definitions are to be found in section 1, as amended, which provides so far as
material as follows:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times; font-size: 11pt;">"(1)For the purposes of this Act
an article shall be deemed to be obscene if its effect or (where the article
comprises two or more distinct items) the effect of any one of its items is, if
taken as a whole, such as to tend to deprave and corrupt persons who are
likely, having regard to all relevant circumstances, to read, see or hear the
matter contained or embodied in it.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times; font-size: 11pt;">(2)In this Act 'article' means any
description of article containing or embodying matter to be read or looked at
or both, any sound record, and any film or other record of a picture or
pictures.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times; font-size: 11pt;">(3)For the purposes of this Act a
person publishes an article who—<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times; font-size: 11pt;">(a)distributes, circulates, sells, lets
on hire, gives, or lends it, or who offers it for sale or for letting on hire;
or.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times; font-size: 11pt;">(b)in the case of an article containing
or embodying matter to be looked at or a record, shows, plays or projects it
or, where the matter is data stored electronically, transmits that data."<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times; font-size: 11pt;">8. In
this case the act of publication relied on for each count was the transmission
of electronic data within section 1(3)(b). The article in each case was the
comment or statement transmitted, as evidenced by the chat log. As to
obscenity, it was contended that the comments taken together had a tendency to
deprave and corrupt the person to whom they were sent, being a person likely to
read them.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times; font-size: 11pt;">9. The
other provision of the 1959 Act we should mention is section 2(6) which
provides:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times; font-size: 11pt;">"In any proceedings against a
person under this section the question whether an article is obscene shall be
determined without regard to any publication by another person unless it could
reasonably have been expected that the publication by the other person would
follow from publication by the person charged."<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times; font-size: 11pt;">In addition to those provisions of the
1959 Act reference has been made in the submissions before us to section 6(c)
of the Interpretation Act 1978 which provides:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times; font-size: 11pt;">"In any Act, unless the contrary
intention appears, words in the singular include the plural and words in the
plural include the singular."<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times; font-size: 11pt;">Relevant Authorities<o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times; font-size: 11pt;">10. In R v Barker (1962) 46 Cr App R
227, the appellant was charged with having published obscene photographs to
four named persons who had corresponded with him and sent him money and
received in return the allegedly obscene photographs. Ashworth J, giving the
judgment of the court, stated as follows at pages 230 to 231:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times; font-size: 11pt;">"The forms of publication included
in the definition in section 1(3)(a) fall into three distinct groups: in one
group, comprising the words 'sells, lets on hire, gives or lends,' publication
is to an individual; in the second group, comprising the words 'distributes,
circulates,' publication is on a wider scale, involving more than one person;
in the third group a mere offer for sale or letting on hire constitutes
publication.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times; font-size: 11pt;">In a case falling within the first group
the first issue for the jury (assuming the publication is admitted) is whether
the effect of the article is such as to tend to deprave and corrupt the
individual to whom it is published. The second issue is whether any other
person or persons were likely to see the article. In this connection the issue
is not whether republication has or has not taken place, but whether it could
reasonably have been expected. If the answer to the second issue is 'Yes,' a
third issue will arise, namely, whether the article is such as to tend to
deprave and corrupt the person or persons to whom republication could
reasonably have been expected.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times; font-size: 11pt;">In considering the first of these
issues, a jury should obviously take into account the article itself, and, in
addition they should have regard to the age and occupation of the person to
whom the article is published, if such age and occupation is proved in
evidence. Similarly, the age and occupation of that person are relevant factors
in regard to the second issue, whether republication could reasonably be
expected. But they are not the only relevant factors. If, as in the present
case, there is evidence to prove that the person to whom the article was
published by the accused kept it locked up, this is a relevant factor, though not
by any means conclusive. It may well happen that a person who has obtained an
obscene article keeps it under lock and key, but nonetheless 'could reasonably
have been expected' to show it to others as opportunity arose. In regard to the
third issue similar considerations to those involved in the first are
applicable ..."<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times; font-size: 11pt;">11. Ashworth
J went on to note that the charges in the case before the court were all within
the first group, involving sales to named individuals. The court held that the
Recorder's directions to the jury had failed to reflect the general principles
set out in the judgment in relation to that group and the appellant's
conviction was quashed. Among other things, the Recorder directed the jury that
the fact that the recipient only looked at the photographs himself and locked
them up so that nobody could see them was unimportant. Although the judgment
did not spell this out, it is evident that this was a misdirection because if
the photographs were likely to be seen only by the recipient, the jury would
have had to consider the effect on him alone, not on other people, in deciding
whether they had a tendency to deprave and corrupt.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times; font-size: 11pt;">12. Barker
was applied in R v Clayton and Halsey [1963] 1 QB 163, a case in which there
had been publication by way of sale to two police officers. Convictions were
quashed on the basis in effect that there was no evidence that the officers
were susceptible to any degrading or corrupting influence from the articles
sold to them.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times; font-size: 11pt;">13. DPP
v Whyte [1972] AC 849, concerned book sellers who were charged with having
obscene articles, namely books and a magazine for publication for gain. The
justices found that the significant proportion of future recipients of the
articles were going to be the hardcore of regular customers of the book shop
whose morals were already in a state of depravity and corruption and that there
was a grave doubt whether such minds could be said to be open to any immoral
influences which the articles were capable of exerting. The justices
accordingly dismissed the informations. The prosecutor's appeal was dismissed
by the Divisional Court but a further appeal was allowed by a majority of the
House of Lords. As the headnote to the report summarises it, the House of Lords
found that to state as a proposition that all the men in question had been
incapable of being depraved and corrupted because they were addicts was not a
finding of fact but an assumption contrary to the whole basis of the 1959 Act.
The Act was not merely concerned with the once for all corruption of the wholly
innocent but equally protected the less innocent from further corruption and
the addict from feeding or increasing his corruption. The words "deprave
and corrupt" in section 1(1) referred primarily to the effect on the mind,
including the emotions, of the persons who read or saw it, and that the
justices having found as a fact that the articles were capable of corrupting
and that the men in question had been depraved and corrupted by them, the book
seller should have been convicted.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times; font-size: 11pt;">14. That
is the context in which Lord Pearson made the following observations on which
reliance has been placed in argument. We quote from pages 864G - 865E:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times; font-size: 11pt;">"A third point to be noticed in
the statutory definition [obscenity] is that there is no requirement as to the
number of persons, or as to the proportion of its readers, which the article
will tend to corrupt and deprave. The word 'persons' is plural, but it may
include the singular. I think in some cases the rule de minimis non curat lex
would suitably be applied. In <i>Reg v Calder v Boyars Ltd </i>[1969] 1 QB 151
it appears from p 155 that:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times; font-size: 11pt;">'30 defence witnesses gave evidence to
the effect that the tendency of the book was not to deprave and corrupt but the
reverse; that it gave a graphic, compassionate and condemnatory description of
the depths of depravity and degradation in which life was lived in Brooklyn,
and that the only effect it would produce on any but a minute lunatic fringe of
readers would be horror, revulsion and pity;...'<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times; font-size: 11pt;">The judgment of the court, delivered by
Salmon LJ, contains this sentence, at p 168:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times; font-size: 11pt;">'This court is of the opinion that the
jury should have been directed to consider whether the effect of the book was
to tend deprave and corrupt a significant proportion of those persons likely to
read it.'<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times; font-size: 11pt;">That would indeed have been a suitable
direction in that case because, on a favourable view, the book could have been
regarded as tragic and pathetic rather than pornographic and, if the readers of
the book likely to be corrupted by it were only 'a minute lunatic fringe'
rather than a significant proportion, the book could not fairly be regarded as
obscene. The 'minute lunatic fringe' would be negligible. But I do not think
the phrase 'significant proportion' can safely be transplanted to cases of a
different character. There is the danger, for instance, of leading a book
seller to believe that, so long as he sells a comparatively large number of
copies of a pornographic book to persons not likely to be corrupted by it, he
can with impunity sell a comparatively small number of copies to persons who
are likely to be corrupted by it. In such a case, if the comparative small
number of copies is not so small as to be negligible, the statutory definition should
be applied according to its terms: the book's effect, taken as a whole, is such
as to tend to deprave and corrupt persons who are likely, having regard to all
relevant circumstances, to read it. 'Persons' means some persons. Cockburn CJ,
in <i>Reg v Hicklin </i>L R 3 QB 360 did not suggest any requirement as to the
number of persons, or as to the proportion of its readers, which a book might
tend to deprave and corrupt."<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times; font-size: 11pt;">15. We
should also note that at pages 874H to 875A Lord Salmon, referring to Barker
and to Clayton and Halsey, observed that the only counts in those cases charged
the defendants with publication by selling to a named person and that
“obviously the only question for the jury to consider on these counts was
whether the article tended to deprave and corrupt the named individual to whom
it was sold”. Lord Salmon was in the minority on the main issue in the appeal
but that does not affect what he said on this particular point.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times; font-size: 11pt;">The Judge's Ruling<o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times; font-size: 11pt;">16. The
defence argument as advanced before the judge below was that the definition of
"obscene" requires that the material should tend to deprave and
corrupt persons (in the plural). It was submitted that the normal rule under
section 6(c) of the Interpretation Act, that the plural includes the singular,
does not apply here because the context otherwise requires. It was said to be
unclear what Lord Pearson meant in the passage we have quoted from DPP v Whyte,
where he said that the word "persons" is plural but it may include
the singular; but what was said does not fit with the immediately following
passage, where he refers to the <i>de minimis </i>rule and suggests that for
there to be an offence there must be a more than negligible number of copies
sold to persons who are likely to be corrupted, and where he says in terms that
persons means “some persons”. From the passage as a whole he cannot have meant
that a tendency to deprave and corrupt one person is enough. Reliance was also
placed on section 2(6) as being indicative that if a defendant publishes to one
person, there can be no offence unless that person can reasonably be expected
to publish onwards.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times; font-size: 11pt;">17. The
judge accepted the defence submissions. In expressing agreement with the
defence he said that he was reaching that conclusion because of the point made
on section 2(6). He also read the judgment of Ashworth J in Barker as meaning
that even in the case of publication to an individual it is necessary to decide
whether any person or persons other than that individual were likely to see the
article. He noted, too, the references to persons in the plural in the speech
of Lord Pearson in DPP v Whyte and to readers in the plural in the speech of
Lord Wilberforce in the same case (in a passage we have not quoted). The judge
rejected as vanishingly unlikely the possibility of someone coming across these
logs accidentally or looking at the recipient's computer screen while he was
engaged in Internet chat with the defendant.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times; font-size: 11pt;">18. So,
it is apparent that the decisive feature for the judge was that there was
publication only to one individual and that that was not enough to give rise to
an offence. We have referred already to his graphic analogy with a private
conversation between two persons in a physical room.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times; font-size: 11pt;">The submissions before this court<o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times; font-size: 11pt;">19. In
written submissions Mr Pons, on behalf of the prosecution, has advanced various
arguments to the effect that the judge was wrong in his ruling. The submissions
so made are reflected in the conclusions which we will express in a moment and
it is unnecessary for us to set them out separately.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times; font-size: 11pt;">20. Mr
Daniel Smith, for the defendant, has advanced robust submissions in an attempt
to support the judge's ruling. He submits that the activity here in question
does not fit comfortably within the provisions of the 1959 Act. It was not an
activity of a kind within the contemplation of those enacting the provisions.
He says that ample opportunity to cover the activities specifically has been
afforded to Parliament but Parliament has not taken that opportunity despite requests
that it should. The submission made is that the act of transmitting comments by
way of Internet relay chat to an individual, as opposed to a group, is not an
act of publication for the purposes of the Act. Mr Smith likens it to a private
conversation between just two people, whether in a physical room, as mentioned
by the judge, or by telephone, and he submits that such a situation is not
caught by the Act. Equally, he submits, transmission of data by Internet
between just two people is not caught. He says further that the subject matter
of the Internet chat in this case represents such a bizarre and specialist
interest that it is highly unlikely that an ordinary member of the public would
come across it. Therefore, no question arises of likelihood of a wider
readership.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times; font-size: 11pt;">Discussion and Conclusions<o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times; font-size: 11pt;">21. We
have no doubt that the judge was wrong to rule as he did. It seems to us that
he confused the separate questions of publication and obscenity and he reached
an erroneous conclusion that publication to an individual could not give rise
to an offence under section 2(1) of the 1959 Act. In our judgment, to publish
an article to an individual is plainly to publish it within the meaning of the
Act. That is clear from the list in section 1(3) of the forms that the
publication may take. There is nothing in that subsection to support the view
that publication has to be to more than one person before it can constitute
publication for the purposes of the Act. On the contrary, as the court held in
Barker, one of the three groups into which the forms of publication in section
1(3) fall is publication to an individual. One sees that same thread of
reasoning run through Clayton and Halsey and the observation we have quoted
from Lord Salmon's speech in DPP v Whyte. They are not the only instances in
the case law but we do not need to cast the net wider. The reference to
"persons" (in the plural) in the definition of obscenity in section
1(1) has no relevance at this stage of the analysis but is a point to which we
will return.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times; font-size: 11pt;">22. Accordingly,
by transmitting comments to another person in the context of Internet relay
chat, the defendant was publishing those comments. It was an act of publication
falling within section 1(3)(b). It was not necessary for the defendant to
transmit the comments to more than one person before the act could be caught by
the statute. The fact that the identity of the recipient is not known is also
irrelevant.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times; font-size: 11pt;">23. The
next and distinct question is whether the comments so published were obscene.
For that purpose one has to ask, in the terms of 1(1), whether their effect was
such as to tend to deprave and corrupt persons who were likely, having regard
to all relevant circumstances, to read them. It is self evident that the person
to whom the comments were transmitted was likely to read them, and it was
therefore necessary for the prosecution to prove that the effect of the
comments was such as to tend to deprave and corrupt that person. That is a
straightforward application of the reasoning in Barker and in Clayton and
Halsey, and as Lord Salmon said in DPP v Whyte. In those cases the charge was
of publication by selling to a named person and the only question for the jury to
consider was whether the article tended to deprave and corrupt the named
individual to whom it had been sold. Here the charges did not specify a named
recipient but the principle is the same, since the supporting evidence did not
go beyond transmission of the article to the other party to the Internet relay
chat. It is therefore the effect on that other party that needs to be
considered.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times; font-size: 11pt;">24. There
may be cases where, although publication is to an individual, other persons are
likely to read the article so published. If that is so, then the effect on
those other persons will also fall to be considered. There may be cases where
after the initial publication there is onward publication to other persons, but
the effect on those other persons will only fall to be considered if it could
reasonably have been expected that such onward publication would follow from
the initial publication. That is the situation at which section 2(6) is
directed and the limitation that the subsection imposes. But the fact that we
are not concerned in this case with other likely readers, apart from the party
to the Internet relay chat to whom the comments were transmitted, does not
begin to show that those comments fall outside the definition of obscenity.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times; font-size: 11pt;">25. Lord
Pearson's speech in DPP v Whyte was concerned with the different point whether,
in a case where there are likely to be multiple readers of an article, it makes
a difference that only a small proportion of them are liable to be depraved and
corrupted by the article. The one element in his speech which is relevant for
present purposes is his observation that the word "persons" in
section 1(1) is in the plural but may include the singular. That in itself is a
straightforward reflection of the effect of section 6(c) of the Interpretation
Act 1978. As it seems to us, there is no contextual reason for reading the plural
in section 1(1) otherwise than as including the singular, and Lord Pearson
evidently did not think that there was. Nor do the other cases that we have
cited support the view that "persons" was intended to apply only in
the plural and not also to include the singular. Any difficulties that might
arise in the application of the reasoning of Lord Pearson, in the more extended
passage that we have quoted, to a case where there are likely to be multiple
readers of an article are of no materiality for the straightforward situation
with which we are faced here of a single recipient.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times; font-size: 11pt;">26. Thus,
it cannot be said that because there is only one recipient and only one likely
reader of an article, the article is incapable of meeting the test of obscenity
for the purposes of the Act. It would be extraordinary if it were otherwise.
There could be no sensible reason for the legislature having excluded otherwise
obscene material from the scope of the legislation, merely because it was
likely to be read by, and therefore liable to deprave and corrupt, only one
person, a person who might, for example, be a young child.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times; font-size: 11pt;">27. In
the present case, as the judge effectively accepted in a part of his ruling
that is not challenged, there was a case fit to go to the jury that the
material in question had a tendency to deprave and corrupt the recipient, even
if that person was of similar mind to the defendant and even if he was an
addict feeding his addiction. The whole tenor of the decision in DPP v Whyte is
against any finding that because the recipient is already depraved and
corrupted the material cannot have a tendency to deprave and corrupt him.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
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<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times; font-size: 11pt;">28. For
those reasons we are satisfied that the prosecution appeal is well-founded and
that the judge's ruling that there was no case to answer was wrong in law. We
will allow the appeal, reverse the ruling and, subject to any further
submissions, will order that a fresh trial may take place in the Crown Court on
each of the relevant counts, on the basis that it is in the interests of
justice for there to be a fresh trial. We will also hear submissions on the
matter of reporting restrictions. On the face of it, having regard to the general
nature of the matters covered in this judgment, it should be sufficient for
there to be a restriction on reporting that identifies or is liable to identify
the defendant but otherwise no restriction is required.</span></div>
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<!--EndFragment-->ObscenityLawyerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15652268259166107121noreply@blogger.com6tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8920850427843688264.post-19254898739118367622012-01-13T12:25:00.000-08:002015-04-30T12:48:31.725-07:00From VICE - Want to watch DVDs of people fisting each other?<script type="text/javascript">
window.location = "http://mylesjackman.com";
</script>
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WANT TO WATCH DVDS OF PEOPLE FISTING EACH OTHER?</h1>
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<div class="author" style="margin-bottom: 14px; margin-top: 4px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
<span class="author">By Joshua Haddow</span></div>
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<img alt="" src="http://assets.vice.com/content-images/contentimage/no-slug/f6b9ea651987e3861f8c61b5d61c605a.jpg" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; height: 415px; max-width: 642px; width: 640px;" /></div>
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Last week, some men in suits <a href="http://www.newstatesman.com/blogs/david-allen-green/2012/01/peacock-trial-fisting" style="color: #263b69; cursor: pointer !important; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">threatened your God-given freedom</a> to wank over videos of men fisting each other's anuses, pissing in each other's mouths and punching each other powerfully in the balls. That you may not have put aside time in your busy schedule to do these things any time soon is beside the point. This is your freedom we're talking about – it's the difference between flying and falling (out of love with the idea of having a fist up your ass).</div>
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<img alt="" src="http://assets.vice.com/content-images/contentimage/no-slug/8e51bf30b2c464d866a39520ab050f39.jpg" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; height: 500px; max-width: 642px; width: 371px;" /></div>
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Luckily this guy, Myles Jackman, and others like him <a href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/law/2012/jan/06/obscenity-trial-law-digital-age" style="color: #263b69; cursor: pointer !important; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">were not going to let The Man have his way</a>. Myles is a lawyer specialising in extreme pornography and obscenity cases. Whilst extreme pornography may not be your cup of tea (though if it's not, that's a pretty confusing array of tabs you have open), Myles and his friends are not going to just sit back and watch you get censored up the arsehole while you're not looking. Especially if you'd rather have a fist up there instead, like Michael Peacock, the man who stood in the dock facing the ire/ confusion/ mirth of the British legal system last week.</div>
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Back in 2009, Michael had his house raided and was charged with distributing obscene DVDs after an undercover police officer saw an ad for them online and went to purchase one from Peacock's home in Finsbury Park. However, after watching Michael and other men fisting each other for hours on end, the jury found him innocent (yay!), lighting the way towards a more tolerant and less patronising sexual future for everyone, etc.</div>
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<img alt="" src="http://assets.vice.com/content-images/contentimage/no-slug/eaed07a6c267938766cfbe3ae60dbb6a.jpg" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; height: 276px; max-width: 642px; width: 460px;" /></div>
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<em>Michael raising a "victory fist"</em></div>
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I caught up with lawyer Myles to try to discuss the minefield that is Britain's obscenity laws. I started the interview feeling vanilla and intimidated, but Myles was jovial throughout. He was also extra-happy to talk candidly, having just done an interview with BBC Radio 4, who wouldn't let him say “fisting” or “watersports” on air :(</div>
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I tried to find some images to accompany the interview, but even though I looked really hard I couldn't find any images depicting hardcore sex on the internet. So instead, I've peppered throughout the transcript thinly-veiled pop references to fisting that have managed to slip through the morality net and out, onto the verdant plains of mainstream culture.</div>
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<strong style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: bold;">VICE: Hey Miles. </strong><strong style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: bold;">I came across you whilst reading up on the Michael Peacock case. You seem to be the go-to guy when it comes to extreme porn and the law, is that right?</strong></div>
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<strong style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: bold;">Myles:</strong> Well, yeah, I have a niche interest in sexual obscenity and extreme pornography law.</div>
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<strong style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: bold;">So you've seen a few things, then?</strong></div>
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Sure, have you heard of the “Tiger Porn” case in Mould in Wales?</div>
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<strong style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: bold;">No. What happened there?</strong></div>
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I defended that case. The defendant was prosecuted for two viral clips; one of which allegedly showed a person having sex with a tiger.</div>
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<strong style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: bold;">That sounds dangerous.</strong></div>
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Yeah, when the clip was played back with the soundtrack, which the prosecution hadn't listened to, it turned out the tiger was a man in a costume who turned to the camera and said: “That beats advertising Frosties for a living.”</div>
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<object height="480" width="640"><embed allowfullscreen="true" allowscriptaccess="always" height="480" src="http://www.youtube.com/v/f20Oz9Yr_So?version=3&hl=en_US" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" width="640"></object></div>
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<strong style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: bold;">Hilarious. I didn't stumble upon that one, but while I was researching the trial last week I...</strong></div>
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Do you mean the trial or the actual obscenities? <em>[laughs loudly]</em></div>
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<strong style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: bold;">Erm. The trial.</strong></div>
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Yeeeah...<em> [laughs again]</em></div>
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<strong style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: bold;">What was your specific involvement in the trial?</strong></div>
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I was the litigator for the defence.</div>
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<strong style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: bold;">Cool, what does Michael Peacock's innocence mean?</strong></div>
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We now have an entirely new situation. It's a huge victory for sexual liberties, for consent, for adults. It shows essentially that the Obscene Publications Act of 1959 is not fit for the internet age.</div>
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<br /><strong style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: bold;">Were there any highlights during the court proceedings?</strong><br />I think the quote of the trial was when the prosecutor asked one of our experts, “Would you welcome an anal prolapse?”</div>
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<strong style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: bold;">Haha.</strong></div>
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It was fucking awesome.</div>
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<strong style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: bold;">Did the jury have to watch Michael's DVDs?</strong></div>
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The jury and the judge did. The public gallery were allowed to, as well.</div>
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<strong style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: bold;">What was their reaction to the fisting?</strong></div>
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I think to start with they were uncomfortable with having to watch a number of hours of gay fisting in front of 12 complete strangers. By the end, though, they were thoroughly bored.</div>
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<strong style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: bold;">They were bored by the fisting?</strong></div>
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Yeah, I had to watch the full amount at Charing Cross police station, too. After 13 and a half hours, I discovered it's probably better in 20 or 30 minute bursts. Frankly, after 13 and a half hours, it began to get a bit too much.</div>
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<strong style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: bold;">Was it all male-on-male fisting?</strong></div>
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It was all, in inverted commas, “gay”; so yeah it was all male-on-male. There was no vaginal fisting, or women fisting men.</div>
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<strong style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: bold;">Would vaginal fisting have been OK, too?</strong></div>
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The prosecution and the police have said they wouldn't have distinguished between anal fisting and vaginal fisting.</div>
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<strong style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: bold;">What measures were previously in place to regulate this kind of thing? When does fingerbanging become fisting, for example?</strong></div>
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Pornographers tended to follow the “four finger rule”.</div>
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<strong style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: bold;">There's a “four finger rule”?</strong></div>
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There was a “four finger rule” that pornographers operated by, where it would be difficult for them to represent fisting of five fingers beyond the wrist. So they had a rule where four fingers was OK, but five: bang out of order.</div>
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<strong style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: bold;">Kit Kat was fine, but you couldn't lose your watch?</strong></div>
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Good lord, no. It was a simple rule of thumb.</div>
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<strong style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: bold;">Look at this guy, he's full of gags.</strong></div>
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Yeeeah... <em>[laughs again]</em><br /> </div>
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<strong style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: bold;">Let's get serious for a second. Michael's case was like a "test case", right? If the jury had returned a guilty verdict last week, what would the consequences of that been?</strong></div>
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The Crown Prosecution Service would have continued to prosecute the distribution of representations of acts that are listed on their website, such as fisting, watersports and some BDSM material. They would now be illegal to distribute.</div>
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<strong style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: bold;">You said <em style="font-weight: inherit;">some</em> BDSM?</strong></div>
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That's a really complicated question...</div>
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<strong style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: bold;">I have all day.</strong></div>
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It's related to the offence of Actual Bodily Harm, which denotes something greater than harm that's deemed to be transient or trifling. Essentially they draw the line at drawing blood, so stuff like knocking out a tooth or a cut which requires stitches would be illegal.</div>
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<strong style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: bold;">Why do the fuddy-duddies at the Crown Prosecution Service keep trying to stop people watching what they want?</strong></div>
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They simply do not understand it. They don't get porn.</div>
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<strong style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: bold;">So what is still illegal? It's still against the law to have sex with a dead body, right?</strong></div>
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Actual necrophilia is prohibited, and I have no problem with that because a cadaver can't consent. You've got cadavers, animals, children and people of a mental incapacity, none of whom can give effective consent. Also, the age of consent is 16, but unless you're 18 you can't be on film. So if two 16-year-olds have sex: no law broken; if they make video on their phones they have produced child pornography, if they send it to a friend they have distributed child pornography. Why is that?</div>
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<br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">You tell me.</span></div>
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Theoretically, they would be in possession of child pornography. It's to do with international treaties on the age of sexual representation. In some countries, like Australia, if you <em>look</em> under age it is illegal to be depicted having sex.</div>
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<strong style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: bold;">What? How does that work?</strong></div>
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They have a breast law in Australia. Women with small breasts are deemed verboten. It's “breastist”, you could say.</div>
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<strong style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: bold;">I'd say it definitely was. You must have a real beef with the state of the law on all this?</strong></div>
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All obscenity is inherently ridiculous in the sense that it's so arbitrary, it's so conflicted when we're talking about representations of consensual adults. Why is it that I could watch al-Qaeda beheadings, but previous to last week I would be committing an offence if I distributed fisting pornography, which is about consent and sex and love?</div>
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<strong style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: bold;">How did you get to be an obscenity lawyer, by the way?</strong></div>
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I think the way that society defines itself through sexual representation is fascinating. I've always had an interest in visual representation, in the erotics. All media has been driven by sexual content from cave-paintings to the battle for VHS formats and between Blu-Ray and HD DVD, or whatever the hell it was called. I used to make films as well. One of them was set in a future where everything was synthetic and a manufacturer started making penis flavoured condoms. I made another one that was about self-harm.</div>
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<strong style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: bold;">Do you just love pornography?</strong></div>
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Whilst I am pro the right to pornography, that doesn't necessarily mean I agree with the means of production or all of the finished products. Classifying all pornography as the same is like condemning all music because you don't like opera.</div>
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<strong style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: bold;">I can see what you're getting at.</strong></div>
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In the Lady Chatterley case it was remarked “You wouldn't want your women or servants reading it,” and the internet has changed all of that and deeply confused the authoritarian classes. Now almost any consenting adult has access to pornography. Besides, I think it's important that we discuss sexuality and pornography for many, many reasons.</div>
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<strong style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: bold;">I guess that's a point we can all get behind. Thanks, Myles.</strong></div>
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<em>Myles Jackman is a solicitor with a niche practice in obscenity at Hodge Jones and Allen. He tweets<a href="http://twitter.com/obscenitylawyer" style="color: #263b69; cursor: pointer !important; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">@ObscenityLawyer</a>.</em></div>
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This article originally appeared in VICE UK <a href="http://t.co/OFl7DaJG">here</a>: and is re-posted with kind permission.</div>ObscenityLawyerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15652268259166107121noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8920850427843688264.post-10631525727753920002012-01-07T17:29:00.000-08:002015-04-30T12:48:53.622-07:00Is using euphemism to render the simple obscure yet another sexual problem?<script type="text/javascript">
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I was interviewed by
Carolyn Quinn on the Radio 4 PM programme today about the implications of the
verdict in the R v Peacock <a href="http://obscenitylawyer.blogspot.com/2012/01/obscenity-trial-of-decade.html">obscenity trial</a>. The radio interview
can be found <a href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/iplayer/episode/b01944k1/PM_Saturday_PM/">here</a>, 13 minutes and 24 seconds into the programme.</div>
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The background to the
trial is that defendant Michael Peacock was unanimously acquitted of publishing
obscene DVDs under the <a href="http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/Eliz2/7-8/66/contents">Obscene Publications Act 1959</a>. These DVDs depicted male-on-male
fisting, urination and consensual <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BDSM">BDSM</a> activities including sexual whipping,
electrocution and saline injection into the scrotum.</div>
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As I identified in a comment
piece for <a href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/law/2012/jan/06/obscenity-trial-law-digital-age?newsfeed=true">Guardian Law</a>, urination and fisting (both anal and vaginal) are
sexual acts that are legal to perform in real life. Yet when these acts were
represented on film, the distribution or publication had been previously deemed
to be obscene under the <a href="http://www.cps.gov.uk/legal/l_to_o/obscene_publications/">Crown Prosecution Service’s guidelines</a>. Thus I was
asked to appear on the PM programme to comment on this disjuncture.<o:p></o:p></div>
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However, before the
pre-recorded interview was conducted, I was asked to discuss the language I was
likely to deploy to describe these sexual acts. The producer explained that as
the PM show is broadcast before the 9pm watershed it attracts a family audience
of all ages and therefore it would be inappropriate to discuss fisting and urination without, you know, actually using the words fisting and urination. Whilst
this led to a slightly uneasy and surreal conversation; we initially agreed that
the blanket euphemism “extreme sexual acts” might be permissible. <o:p></o:p></div>
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It was only
immediately before the recording commenced that I realised that the word
“extreme” has a very specific legal context in relation to pornography; as
<a href="http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2008/4/part/5/crossheading/pornography-etc">section 63 of the Criminal Justice and Immigration Act 2008</a> creates a specific
offence of possession of supposedly <a href="http://www.backlash-uk.org.uk/">“extreme pornography”</a>. Secondly, the notion
that describing a sexual act as extreme would seem to render it potentially illicit
or other; and therefore prohibit it from entering mainstream discourse. <o:p></o:p></div>
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After the pre-recorded
segment had concluded a number of friends enquired as to what euphemisms I had utilized
instead of urination and fisting. Whilst the paraphilia
of sexual urination can be described variously as urolagnia, urophilia or
simply, in the more vulgar phrase, watersports; I simply did not know of another
word for fisting apart from, you know, fisting.</div>
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More significantly,
another friend sagely suggested that using euphemism to make “the simple
obscure is one more sexual problem”. That in anonymising the names of the
actual activities that the jury in R v Peacock deemed not to be obscene, it may have had the
unintended consequence of rendering the entire interview absolutely opaque to
the casual listener.<o:p></o:p></div>
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This also raises the
issue that by not discussing legitimate sexual acts frankly, within the appropriate
context, we perpetuate a lack of understanding. It could also be argued that
not providing simple and easily comprehensible information on such practices
does nothing to reduce potential health risks.<o:p></o:p></div>
<!--EndFragment-->ObscenityLawyerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15652268259166107121noreply@blogger.com5tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8920850427843688264.post-76716749795903587552012-01-07T09:08:00.000-08:002015-04-30T12:25:30.683-07:00Obscenity Trial: the law is not suitable for a digital age<script type="text/javascript">
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I welcome the news that a jury have returned not guilty verdicts in a landmark obscenity trial before Southwark crown court on Friday. However, despite the jury's unanimous decision, the legislation under which the trial was brought is still effective law.</div>
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The defendant, Michael Peacock, was charged with distributing DVDs featuring male fisting, urination (watersports) and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BDSM" style="background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; border-collapse: collapse; color: #005689; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">BDSM</a>. Peacock ran a gay escort site called "Sleazy Michael" and advertised pornographic DVDs for sale on the website Craigslist. He was charged under the<a href="http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/Eliz2/7-8/66/contents" style="background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; border-collapse: collapse; color: #005689; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">Obscene Publications Act 1959</a> (OPA) with six counts of publishing obscene articles likely to "deprave and corrupt".</div>
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While some of the sexual acts depicted in the DVDs are legal to perform, such as fisting and urination, the representation of them is potentially criminalised under the OPA. The Act features the contentious and ambiguous <a href="http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/Eliz2/7-8/66/section/1" style="background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; border-collapse: collapse; color: #005689; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">deprave and corrupt test</a>, whereby an article (for example a DVD) is obscene if it tends to deprave and corrupt the reader, viewer or listener.</div>
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As the recorder, James Dingemans QC, emphasised in his summing up, it was a matter for the jury to decide whether the acts depicted were obscene if they "deprave and corrupt" the viewer. He also emphasised that: "in a civilised society, lines must be drawn".</div>
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However, the OPA has become an anachronism in the <a href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/internet" style="background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; border-collapse: collapse; color: #005689; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;" title="More from guardian.co.uk on Internet">internet</a> age. While previous cases speaks in terms of <a href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/culture/pornography" style="background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; border-collapse: collapse; color: #005689; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;" title="More from guardian.co.uk on Pornography">pornography</a> being covertly accessed by men in "rugby clubs" and at stag parties; now it is readily available to people of all genders, orientations and social classes. Hence this jury's verdict - in the first contested obscenity trial in the digital age - which seems to suggest "normal" members of the public accept that consensual adult pornography is an unremarkable facet of daily life.</div>
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The <a href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/law/2012/jan/06/www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2008/4/contents" style="background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; border-collapse: collapse; color: #005689; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">Criminal Justice and Immigration Act 2008</a> shifts the burden from the producers and distributors of "extreme pornography" to the viewers who merely have such images in their possession.</div>
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Furthermore, the House of Lords' judgment in <a href="http://www.bailii.org/uk/cases/UKHL/1992/7.html" style="background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; border-collapse: collapse; color: #005689; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">R v Brown [1992]</a> that individuals cannot consent to sexual assault which is greater than transient and trifling (essentially the drawing of blood) remains effective law.</div>
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In Brown, colloquially known as the "<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Spanner" style="background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; border-collapse: collapse; color: #005689; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">Spanner case</a>", Lord Templeman stated:</div>
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"I am not prepared to invent a defence of consent for sadomasochistic encounters which breed and glorify cruelty[...] Society is entitled and bound to protect itself against a cult of violence. Pleasure derived from the infliction of pain is an evil thing. Cruelty is uncivilised."</div>
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However, sexual depictions, as with the arts and sport, allow consenting adults to explore such "uncivilised" pleasures within the context of a safe and recognised framework.</div>
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According to the Crown Prosecution Service (CPS) guidelines: "It is impossible to define all types of activity which may be suitable for prosecution". The types of material most commonly considered to be obscene and therefore prosecuted include sadomasochistic material which goes beyond trifling and transient infliction of injury, torture with instruments, bondage (especially where gags are used with no apparent means of withdrawing consent), activities involving perversion or degradation (such as drinking urine, urination[…] on to the body…) and fisting.</div>
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Irrespective of this, Peacock is to be commended for his courage and conviction in challenging these charges; as are colleagues Sandra Paul and Nigel Richardson for persuasive advocacy and diligent litigation.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; border-collapse: collapse; color: #333333; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 13px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
While the OPA still stands as law, the state is still capable of acting as a voyeur in the bedroom by maintaining the notion that the depiction of consensual adult sexual acts can be criminalised. Following the verdict, the <a href="http://content.met.police.uk/News/New-Human-Exploitation-and-Organised-Crime-Command/1260267476112/1257246745756" style="background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; border-collapse: collapse; color: #005689; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">branch within the Met responsible for investigating obscene publications</a> pledged to meet with the CPS and the British Board of Film Classification to review current guidelines on obscenity. I urge legislators and the Law Commission to reconsider the law surrounding consent to sexual assault.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; border-collapse: collapse; color: #333333; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 13px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
As <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_E._Kurtz" style="background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; border-collapse: collapse; color: #005689; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">Marlon Brando's character</a> in Apocalypse Now suggests:</div>
<blockquote class="quoted" style="background-color: white; background-image: url(http://static.guim.co.uk/static/11a6ce7c061cb1c6a45a60f21609f9213696019e/common/styles/images/quote_red.gif); background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; border-collapse: collapse; color: #666666; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 40px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 45px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
<div style="background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; border-collapse: collapse; margin-bottom: 13px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
"We train young men to drop fire on people. But their commanders won't allow them to write "fuck" on their airplanes because - it's obscene!"</div>
</blockquote>
<br />
<div style="background-color: white; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; border-collapse: collapse; color: #333333; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 13px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
<br /></div>
<div style="background-color: white; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; border-collapse: collapse; color: #333333; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 13px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
The original version of this article appeared on the Guardian Law site yesterday,<a href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/law/2012/jan/06/obscenity-trial-law-digital-age?newsfeed=true"> here</a>.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; border-collapse: collapse; margin-bottom: 13px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
</div>
<div style="background-color: white; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; border-collapse: collapse; margin-bottom: 13px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"><br /></span></span></div>
<br />
<br />ObscenityLawyerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15652268259166107121noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8920850427843688264.post-22799205663747122482012-01-02T15:00:00.000-08:002015-04-30T12:24:10.585-07:00Obscenity Trial of the Decade<script type="text/javascript">
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<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Today,
the 3<sup>rd</sup> January 2012 marks the first day of the most significant
obscenity trial of the decade; which will ultimately clarify the law on the
representation of gay fisting, urolagnia as well as BDSM.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">The
defendant in the case, Michael Peacock, is charged on indictment with numerous
offences under the Obscene Publications Act for distributing supposedly obscene
DVDs. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 14.4pt;">The
Obscene Publications Act 1959 features the contentious and ambiguous “deprave
and corrupt” test, whereby an article (for example a DVD) is obscene if it
tends to deprave and corrupt the reader, viewer or listener.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; line-height: 14.4pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; line-height: 14.4pt;">The Test is defined in Section1 of the Act as:</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><span style="line-height: 19px;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><span style="line-height: 19px;">"An article shall be deemed to be obscene if its effect or (where the article comprises two or more distinct items) the effect of any one of its items is, if taken as a whole, such as to tend to deprave and corrupt persons who are likely, having regard to all relevant circumstances, to read, see or hear the matter contained or embodied in it".</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><span style="line-height: 19px;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">In
this trial, which will be heard before the Southwark Crown Court, the films in
question feature: gay fisting (the insertion of five fingers of the fist into
the rectum of another male); urolagnia (in this case men urinating in their
clothes, onto each others’ bodies and drinking it); and BDSM (in this case hard
whipping, the insertion of needles, urethral sounds and electrical “torture”).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 13.35pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 13.35pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">According
to the Crown Prosecution Service (CPS’s) guidelines: “</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 8.0pt;">It is impossible to define all types of activity which may be
suitable for prosecution”. The types of material most commonly considered to be
obscene and therefore prosecuted include:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 13.35pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 13.35pt; margin-left: 13.35pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·</span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 8.0pt;">“sadomasochistic
material which goes beyond trifling and transient infliction of injury”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 13.35pt; margin-left: 13.35pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 13.35pt; margin-left: 13.35pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·</span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 8.0pt;">“torture
with instruments”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 13.35pt; margin-left: 13.35pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 13.35pt; margin-left: 13.35pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·</span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 8.0pt;">“bondage
(especially where gags are used with no apparent means of withdrawing consent)”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 13.35pt; margin-left: 13.35pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 13.35pt; margin-left: 13.35pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·</span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 8.0pt;">“activities
involving perversion or degradation (such as drinking urine, urination[…] on to
the body…)”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 13.35pt; margin-left: 13.35pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 13.35pt; margin-left: 13.35pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·</span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 8.0pt;">“fisting”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">However,
this is merely a list of what the CPS currently consider to be obscene. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ultimately,
it is a matter for a jury to decide whether these acts are obscene by virtue of
whether they deprave and corrupt the viewer.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Perhaps
illogically, of these sexual acts, fisting and urination are completely legal
to perform in real life; and thus it is only the representation of these acts
on film which may be considered obscene and therefore attract criminal
liability.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Consequently
many pornographic film producers operate a “four finger rule” to avoid the risk
of criminal prosecution. This means that in such films only four fingers are
inserted into the performers’ vagina or anus, rather than the entire fist. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">It
could be argued that this is an entirely arbitrary distinction as the act of
fisting itself is not illegal.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">However,
many pornographic film producers remain risk-averse and therefore the
presumption that urination and fisting are obscene has endured as it seems that
no previous defendant has been prepared to test the law in this area by
electing jury trial. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Interestingly
this case seems to have found unofficial tacit support from the British Board
of Film Classification (the BBFC rate and classify both mainstream films and “adult”
productions in the “R18” category); and the Metropolitan Police’s Abusive and
Extreme Images Unit (the Met’s old obscene publications squad is now part of SCD9):
on the basis that this case will establish whether fisting and urination
pornography is legal or not.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hence,
if the jury decides that such pornography is not obscene, on the basis that it
does not deprave and corrupt the viewer; then it is entirely likely that both
the producers and distributors of pornography will make such material available
for sale, for example via licensed sex shops.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">It
may also clarify what types of material it is legal to possess under the “extreme
pornography” clauses in the Criminal Justice and Immigration Act 2008; as under
Section 63 (7) (b) fisting may be: “</span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #eff5f5; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman';">an act which results, or is likely to result, in serious injury to a
person's anus, breasts or genitals”.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #eff5f5; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman';">The extreme pornography
legislation shifts the legal burden from the producers of pornography to the possessor
(viewer). Thus, merely being in possession of, rather than actively
distributing, fisting pornography could be illegal.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Consequently,
this significant obscenity prosecution will either reaffirm or rearrange the
boundaries of obscenity law. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">As Mr
Peacock is represented by my firm, Hodge Jones and Allen LLP, I will post an update
once the outcome becomes apparent.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<!--EndFragment-->ObscenityLawyerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15652268259166107121noreply@blogger.com16tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8920850427843688264.post-65553081783515081202011-05-31T13:10:00.000-07:002015-04-30T12:52:43.076-07:00Karma Police<script type="text/javascript">
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><b>Extreme Pornography: Law and Evidence</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">How do you know you haven’t got extreme pornography on your computer?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Does someone else have access to your system? Could they have downloaded pornography without your knowledge? Would you know if a friend sent you a “joke” email containing pornography; which you didn’t open, but your computer cached? Have you ever followed a link to a site that didn’t give you any warning that it contained pornography? </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">These are just a few of the possibilities that police investigating extreme pornography offences have either denied or ignored. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Section 63 CJIA 2008</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Briefly, Section 63 of the Criminal Justice and Immigration Act 2008 created the new offence of possessing extreme pornographic images. It could be argued that this legislation was introduced to extend Obscene Publication Act offences (which require publication or distribution) to the simple possession of such images. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Thus the consumers rather than the producers of pornography are criminalised, facing up to three years in prison and registration on the sex offenders register. Certain types of consensual adult-on-adult pornography are caught under the Act, including images that portray acts that are legal to perform in real life. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Below is a case study of a prosecution under Section 63 the CJIA 2008. I represented the defendant after he was interviewed by the police. He has given his express consent for this blog: so that others might be aware of the dangers of s63 of the CJIA 2008. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">It should clearly demonstrate that police do not necessarily understand this law, IT evidence or indeed pornography itself.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">CASE STUDY</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">The defendant was originally arrested regarding an unrelated financial allegation, which was unfounded and eventually dropped. In investigating the original allegation, the police seized two laptops after searching the defendant’s home address. They performed a “speculative search” of the laptops and discovered a single thumbnail sized image which they classified as extreme pornography. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">The defendant returned to the police station on bail. He was notified that the financial matter would be subject to no further action. He was then arrested and cautioned on suspicion of possessing an extreme pornographic image. He waived his right to legal advice, and was interviewed without the benefit of a solicitor advising and representing his interests. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">He assumed that as the more serious sounding financial accusation had been dropped that surely a single pornographic image he didn’t remember downloading could easily be explained away. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Surely?</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">THE INTERVIEW </span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Whilst preparing the defendant’s case, I read the police ROTI (unabridged written transcript of interview); listened to the tape recording of the interview in full; transcribed it verbatim; then compared the tape recording against my transcript and the police’s transcript. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">From this it was clear that the police had made three critical errors in interview. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">They pertained to: law; computers (IT forensics); and evidence (pornography). </span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">THE LAW –</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"> When interviewing the defendant, the officers summarised a small section of the extreme pornography offence s63 of the CJIA 2008. Incorrectly. Without explaining it. They then demonstrated that they did not understand the law at all, as they asserted that the image in question had been graded under the COPINE scale. This is a rating system used to categorise the severity of indecent images of children. It has nothing to do with extreme pornographic images. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Yet with two police officers asserting this was correct and no solicitor present to disagree or advise on the correct legal position, how was the defendant to know that?</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">COMPUTERS – IT FORENSICS</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"> – Material can be sent to a user’s computer via the internet without the owner’s knowledge, consent or request in a number of ways. These include pop-ups, the contents of an otherwise legitimate download from news-groups, spam emails, unopened messages, pictures posted in legitimate chatrooms or forums, avatars (users’ visual icons), corrupted files which cannot be opened by the user, web-crawlers and malicious software<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>scripts, such as trojan horses, to name a just a few. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">The defendant stated that he hadn’t specifically downloaded the image in question, that he had no memory of seeing it and that it might have appeared, unrequested, via pop-up or another way, without his knowledge. However the police interviewing the defendant denied these possibilities; and said that if an image was on his computer he <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">must</i> have downloaded it. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">The defendant then argued that other people had access to his computers and he wouldn’t know everything they had looked at or downloaded. The interviewing officer accused him of fabricating friends who might have used his computer in order to blame someone else. Despite the fact that a properly conducted IT forensic examination might have established a provable evidence trail. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">For example, if another user logs into their personal email account on a friend’s computer, then an image is downloaded, then they log into their personal Facebook page, all within a few minutes; a Magistrate or jury might be entitled to draw the inference that that user downloaded that image and not the owner.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">The police also failed to exhibit the image in question in interview and described it instead, which deprived the defendant of his right to comment on it. What they failed to mention was that the image was thumbnail sized (very small). In certain computer operating systems and webpages, images can be <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">created</i> in a “cache” on the computer without the user necessarily knowing or realising. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">The interview also avoided the possibility that the image in question could have been deleted in a timely fashion by the defendant upon realising what it was, which is a specified defence under s65 (2) (c) (ii); but instead remained stored on the computer (unknown to the user), waiting to be overwritten, only to be found upon later examination.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">EVIDENCE – PORNOGRAPHY - </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">The defendant had a significant amount of normal sized non-extreme pornographic images, of many different types, styles and genres, on his computer. Despite this, police examination only discovered a single small image which they classified as extreme pornography. Some defendants have thousands of supposedly extreme images on their computers. This defendant had a single thumbnail sized image</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">This could be seen as emblematic of police failure to understand pornography: which is after all their evidence against a defendant. Hence they failed to appreciate the reasonable inference that a single small extreme image amongst thousands of other legal pornographic images indicated that it was unlikely that the defendant had requested or downloaded it.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Ultimately, in interview, the police attempted to persuade an unrepresented defendant to admit that if he had an extreme pornographic on his computer he must have downloaded it of his own volition.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">This is incorrect in law, fact and evidence</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">EPILOGUE</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">At the defendant’s Early First Hearing at the Magistrate’s Court I requested an IT expert’s report to establish whether it could be proved that the image had been transmitted to the defendant’s computer without his knowledge; or whether another user had accessed it without the defendant’s knowledge.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Upon receiving a request for the digital evidence from my IT expert, the Prosecution had to admit that the image in question had been lost. Given the absence of any evidence, they decided to drop the prosecution. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Karma?</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">CONCLUSION</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Many police officers do not understand the law, evidence and IT issues regarding s63 of the CJIA 2008. Not only does this have serious implications for defendants who have already pleaded guilty to extreme pornography offences; but it also applies to other sexual and computer based offences.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">So, do you really know what’s on your computer? Do you know how it got there? </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Will the police if they arrest you?</span></div>ObscenityLawyerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15652268259166107121noreply@blogger.com6